18 The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800-1870

Britain in the Industrial Revolution ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain **Began in Britain because of its surplus of labor (Agriculture Revolution), ready supply of capital for investment, and ample supplies of mineral resources-coal and iron ore, needed in manufacturing process. Europe shifted from an economy based on agriculture and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines and automated factories Population growth because of cheap food production

Changes in Textile Production -New technologies: Flying shuttle (made weaving on a loom faster and enabled weavers to double their output) James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 ( allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities ) Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787(powered by water allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with yarn) James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 (could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. Cotton textile production- Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported in 1760, and 366 million by 1840

Industrialization of Europe ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Technological Changes Iron Industry Henry Cort, invented a system called Puddling, in which coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (crude iron) and produce an iron high quality Railroad Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales, it pulled 10 tons of ore and seventy people at 5 miles per hour George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830, sped along at 16 miles per hour Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining The Industrial Factory New workers (from peasants), working regular hours and in shifts Factories work discipline-fines, dismissals, and beating of children

Spread of Industrialization Spread to Europe first-Belgium, France, and the German States Government role- Britain-gave grants to inventors and in building roads, canals, and railroads Creation and use of joint-stock investment banks United States Internal transportation; large territories, so built canals, roads, and railroads, and used river transportation Labor- many textile workers were women and from rural areas Growing population, 30 million by 1860 (larger than Britain’s)

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Rest of the World Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth and Urbanization European population 140 million in 1750 and 266 million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities Poor living conditions Sanitation -poor

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d) New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New bourgeois-people who were involved in commerce, industry, banking, and other professionals Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured out where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class- Proletariat Poor working conditions-12 to 16 hours a day, 6 days a week, with half hour for lunch/dinner Women and children-made up two-thirds of cotton industry, women dominated the labor force after Factory Act- lessened child labor

Efforts at Change Socialism- product of intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry. Theories became known as Utopian socialists- Robert Owen reformed New Lanark in Scotland to meet Utopian standards, tried it again in Indiana, and it failed Trade unions were formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries and were to strike if demands not met

Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement, 1814-establish peace settlements after the Napoleonic Wars Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)- guided to Vienna by the principle of legitimacy; goal was to restore legitimate monarchs to preserve traditional institutions Concert of Europe-later called principle of intervention-send armies into countries to prevent revolutions and restore rightful monarchs

Forces for Change Liberalism Nationalism Protection of civil liberties- representative, but limited government Guaranteed by a document Right to vote to men of property only Nationalism Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Each nationality should have a government Becomes a threat to the existing order ex. German states, Austrian Empire, Itlay

Centers of Revolt in 1848-49 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Revolutions of 1848 France Agricultural depression, 1846 Refusal to extend suffrage (right to vote) to the middle class King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown February 24, 1848 Provisional government, called for universal male suffrage Second Republic established, November 4, 1848 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon’s nephew) elected president

Revolution in Central Europe The German Confederation- was established in 1815-recognized 38 sovereign states Prussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861)-agreed to establish new constitution and work for united Germany Frankfurt Assembly: hopes (universal suffrage) failed-rulers didn’t accept new constitution Revolution in Austria in March, 1848 –consisted of 11 ethnic groups, Germans were dominate and Hungarians wanted own legislature- revolution failed b/c Russian army helped Austria

Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America Nationalistic Revolts- in Latin American colonies; European control weakened by Napoleonic wars Enlightenment affects the creole class (whites born in new world) who wanted to replace peninsulars (white Europeans) *Mexico Divisions within Mexico-Hidalgo organized natives to revolt on September 16, 1810, revolution failed-Hidalgo sentenced to death; however, this day is celebrated as Mexico’s Independence Day Augustin de Iturbide, first leader and emperor of Mexico, creoles and peninsulars combined forces and defeated the Spanish in 1821

Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America South America- Independent movements were the work of the elites who wanted control of the government (natives gained little from revolts) José de San Martín (1783-1830) freed Argentina from Spanish authority in 1810, as well as Chile Believed all of Latin America should be liberated Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) gained independence for Venezuela, New Grenada (Colombia), and Ecuador He then joined San Martin and together they liberated Peru

Latin America in the Early Nineteenth Century ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Difficulties of Nation Building Problems of independence- no experience, loss of population, property, and livestock Caudillos come to power-ruled by military force Economic dependence- now on Britain rather than Spain No industrial revolution- continued to produce raw materials for export Domination by landed elites

Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question Ottoman control of the Balkans declines Crimean War, 1853-1855- Christian holy place in Palestine in question Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain an advantage, declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 Florence Nightingale- nurse who saved many lives, and made nursing a profession for middle class women Treaty of Paris, 1855-ended war, Russia forced to give up territories War destroyed the Concert of Europe Results of the war- Austria and Russia chief powers, but bitter enemies

The Balkans in 1830

National Unification and the National State: 1848-1871 The Unification of Italy –King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) as prime minister in 1852 He allied Piedmont (wealthy Italian territory) with France against Austria Austria was defeated; Peace settlement: Kingdom of Piedmont gets Lombardy Other northern Italian states join Piedmont Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882); invaded Sicily with a small army of Red shirts, defeated and captured The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Turned captured land turned over to Cavour King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878) New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861-Rome capitol (1871)

The Unification of Italy

The Unification of Germany King William I (1861-1888) appointed Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) as prime minister Realpolitik (the politics of reality) was known as a realist; ignored Prussian Parliament He annexed Schleswig and Holstein after the defeat of Denmark in 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 –Austria defeated North German Confederation was organized Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871-defeated French army January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named Kaiser or emperor of Second German Empire Affects of unification- was a triumph of authoritarian and military values over liberal and constitutional values

Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Nationalism and Reform: Great Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, and Russia Great Britain: Age of Victoria (1837-1901)- managed to avoid revolutionary upheavals that occurred on the continent Reform Act of 1832- male suffrage expanded Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s- more rights for the factory workers France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870)- elected by his people Economic growth and development- industrialization and public projects Reconstruction of Paris- underground sewage system, new public water supply, etc. Opposition grew in 1860s and Napoleon ousted in War with Prussia

Austria Russia Problems of ethnic nationalism Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866, forced Austrians to deal with the nationalistic Hungarians Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire Austria-Hungary with a single monarch, Francis Joseph (1848-1916) Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms-issued emancipation edict-peasants free to own property and marry as they chose –failed Was assassinated and his son, Alexander III, was against any reforms

The United States and Canada in the Nineteenth Century ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Growth of the United States Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Jacksonian democracy (1830’s)- all white males could vote (no property requirements) Slavery Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860, seven southern states formed the Confederate States and seceded Civil War (1861-1865) War to save the Union-600,000 died Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863 April 9, 1865, Confederate States surroundered

The Emergence of a Canadian Nation Treaty of Paris, 1763, Canada was transferred from France to Britain Upper Canada (now Ontario) was British and Lower Canada (Quebec) was largely French British Parliament formally joined Upper and Lower Canada into United Provinces of Canada John Macdonald- became advocate on self-governing British North American Act, 1867 was passed granting Canada independence-Macdonald first Prime Minister

Cultural Life: Romanticism Characteristics of Romanticism Interest in the past-Gothic literature Mary Shelley -Frankenstein Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar Poetry ranked above all other forms-love of nature William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Believed that nature served as a mirror Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

A New Age of Science Technological advances Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -- germ theory of disease Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- periodic law Acceptance of the scientific method Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -- organic evolution; survival of the fittest

Realism in Literature and Art Rejected Romanticism Ordinary characters from natural life Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Realistic portrayals of life The Stonebreakers

Discussion Questions Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain first? How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848? Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany. Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.