The Roaring 1920s AKA the “Jazz Age”
Technology Electricity Edison and Westinghouse Skyscrapers - Empire State Building
Tech Continued Communications - Telephones - Radio - connected the whole country - Movies - The Jazz Singer – 1st “talkie”
Red Scare Fear of socialism in the US Russia Rise of Socialist Party Eugene Debs – 1 million votes in 1920 Labor unrest Strikes all over nation
Boston Police Force on Strike
Eugene V. Debs – Socialist POTUS candidate
Communist Revolution in Russia
Palmer Raids A. Mitchell Palmer – US Att. Gen 1919-bombed home Anarchists/socialists suspected Palmer instituted raids on “Reds” 5,000 arrested; 600 deported J Edgar Hoover
Office in NJ after a Palmer Raid
J Edgar Hoover
Nativism Opposition to anything foreign Examples Xenophobia Sacco-Vanzetti Case – 2 Italian anarchists charged with murder w/ little proof - EXECUTED Immigration laws passed Emergence of patriot groups American Legion Daughters of the American Revolution
Immigration Laws -Quota Systems 1921 – Immigration Act of 1921 1924 – Imm. Act of 1924 2% of # of each nat. present in US 1890 1927 – Nat. Origins Act – overall limit of Eur. Imm. a year to 150,000
Ku Klux Klan Against: Spread to urban areas – Detroit, Atl, Chi Non-whites/foreigners/Cath./Jews Spread to urban areas – Detroit, Atl, Chi Declined after 1924
AA in 1920s Great Migration Race Riots 1915-1920 – AA went to northern cities JOBS, less discrimination than south Race Riots Chicago – 1919 Several dozen deaths; hundreds injured Knoxville, Omaha, Tulsa
Marcus Garvey Jamaican - NYC “self-help” – African people reclaim homelands from Europeans Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. Newspaper – Negro World Black Cross Nurses, AA groceries Black Star Line – steamships Went bankrupt; imprisoned for mail fraud deported
Fundamentalism Believed in the literal interpretation of the Bible Scopes Trial – Darrow v. Bryan Evolution v. Creationism
William Jennings Bryan – expert on Bible, former POTUS candidate, believed in fundamentalism Clarence Darrow – Lawyer defending Scope for teaching Evolution
Billy Sunday – Religious Speaker
Harlem Renaissance AA writers, artists, intellectuals in NYC used black vernacular JAZZ How to be both black and intellectual?
Lost Generation White writers that fled to Europe Paris Felt alienated by US materialism, conformity, prejudice Disillusioned by WWI