LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE THE SPANISH EMPIRE ENLIGHTENMENT THE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE * Political Disempowerment: Spanish colonies were run by the Council of the Indies, a group appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the Atlantic. Those directives were carried out by the viceroys, officials appointed by Spain to govern the colonies. * Economic Disempowerment: Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit. Bourbon Reforms

SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Creoles: Native Spaniards People of pure European blood But born in the New World P C M & M I & A Mulattos: African + European blood Mestizos: Indian + European blood Indians and Africans CAUSES

THE ENLIGHTENMENT BEFORE: Kings are placed on the throne by God. Only God can remove them. * Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled. * Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property. * If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny. CAUSES

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION * The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries. CAUSES

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION * Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804. * In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered. * In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees. MENU CAUSES

Spanish-American Independence LA was divided geographically and culturally Did not form a singular unified front Balkanization (regions fragmented) Inspired by US revolution – frightened by Haitian revolution After Napoleon dethroned their king: “Without a king, the people are sovereign”

Separate and distinct developments Set up own governments (until their king was restored) as a push for their own autonomy This caused tension between the creoles & peninsulares pushing creoles further toward independence There had long been friction between the creoles & peninsulares, especially as creoles gained wealth but not power in governing.

Brazilian independence

Key People Napoleon Prince Dome Joao Dom Pedro (later known as Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil)

Influences French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Good relationship between Portugal and England

Origins of Independence 1807 Portugal refuses to close ports and declare war on England so Napoleon invades Portugal. Royal family flees to Brazil under protection of the English Navy Royal family establishes government in Rio de Janiero and Prince Dom Joao declares Rio the capital of the Portuguese Empire Ports in Brazil opened to foreign trade

Origins Continued… 1815 Napoleon is defeated Dom Joao refuses to return to Portugal Declared Brazil a kingdom and Joao is king of both Portuguese assembly is unhappy with this decision; Brazilian elite happy and see benefits of this decision

Moves toward Independence 1821: Dom Joao returned to Portugal, left his son Dom Pedro behind in Brazil as regent Began to use nativism (glorified an American identity with defined by birthplace); began saying “Brazilian people” to include everyone but slaves that had been born in Brazil and Portuguese converts to the cause of Brazilian independence. 1822: Pedro takes up Brazilian independence thoughts, and refuses to return to Portugal. September 7, 1822: Pedro announced that Brazil was officially independent and now had a constitutional monarchy with him as the monarch.

1823: Brazilian Party achieved its goal Independence 1823: Brazilian Party achieved its goal maintained the social hierarchy that helped keep slave-owning elites in power; Catholicism became the state religion 1825: Britain recognized Brazil’s independence 1831-1840: known as the REGENCY YEARS: This time period is known as the stormiest because of the regents’ constant want for more power (Regents were ruling in place of Pedro’s son Pedro who was only 5.) 1888: slavery abolished in Brazil 1889: monarchy ends in Brazil

Why was Brazil Different? Only area in Latin America that was controlled by Portugal Remained a European dynasty (had a nobility) Little to no separation between church & state (Pedro was both Emperor and head of the church) Slavery still existed where people worked others to death Bloodless revolution; fluid movement from colony to independence Portuguese America remained united & the Brazilian government had never been violently overthrow (Brazilian army had all the power and each remained very loyal to Pedro after independence was declared). Coffee becomes major export, helps boost economy of newly independent Brazil

Peruvian independence

Key People Jose de San Martin Jose de La Serna e Hinajosa (Commander in Chief of Loyalist Army, later Viceroy after coup) Simon Bolivar

Background Slower start toward independence Core area of Spanish colonization (Just behind Mexico in importance) Avoided revolt at first due to indigenous rebellion of 1780’s Use nativism as a rallying cry urging all Americanos (Creoles and mixed races) to UNITE! ENEMIES= ANYONE born in Spain/Portugal

Moves toward Independence September 1820- Jose de San Martin arrives in Peru after liberating Chile Attacks from Chile and occupies Pisco Strategy to use diplomacy but attempts fail Royal loyalists desert daily, Viceroy La Serna abandons Lima San Martin enters capital on June 6, 1821 Declares Peru independent July 28, 1821

Guayaquil Conference July 1822 San Martin meets with Bolivar to discuss full liberation of Peru San Martin retires Bolivar put in charge of fully liberating Peru Bolivar named dictator of Peru

Battle of Junin August 6, 1824 Army of Peru’s first real test under leadership of Bolivar Consisted of approximately 9,000 soldiers from Peru, Columbia, Chile, and Argentina Defeated the Spanish – killing or capturing some 500 while losing less than 200 Enormous psychological impact and led to Battle of Ayacucho

Battle of Ayacucho Led by Bolivar’s second in command General Antonio Jose de Sucre December 9, 1824 Brilliant cavalry charge routed the royalist army and killed approximately 2000 men Captured Viceroy La Serna & his generals Terms of surrender stipulated that all Spanish forces be withdrawn from Peru and Alto Peru (Bolivia) Last Spanish forces departed January 1826