From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth

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From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 1: mean (±SE) dry weights of shoot (a), root (b) and total biomass (c), as well as root:shoot ratio (d) of Dactylis glomerata grown either without (blank bars) or with soil biota (hatched bars) at different soil temperatures (left column of panels), soil fertility (middle column of panels) and soil moistures (right column of panels). Within abiotic soil treatments the two left bars indicate lower soil temperature (18°C/13°C), no fertilizer application (−NPK fertilizer) and lower soil moisture (8–10%), whereas the two right bars represent higher soil temperature (28°C/23°C), application of fertilizer (+NPK fertilizer) and higher soil moisture (16–18%), respectively. Asterisks above abiotic soil treatments (left vs. right bars within treatment) indicate significant differences between respective soil treatments after analysis of variance tests. Asterisks above two bars (within soil treatment) represent significant differences in plant growth when grown with or without soil biota after t-test analysis: ***P < 0.0001; *0.01 < P < 0.05. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 2: average (±SE) specific root length (a), root diameter (b), number of root tips per cm (c) and number of root branchings per cm (d) of Dactylis glomerata cultivated either without (blank bars) or with soil biota (hatched bars) at different soil temperatures (left column of panels), soil fertility (middle column of panels) and soil moistures (right column of panels). Within abiotic soil treatments, the two left bars indicate lower soil temperature (18°C/13°C), no fertilizer application (−NPK fertilizer) and lower soil moisture (8–10%), whereas the two right bars represent higher soil temperature (28°C/23°C), application of fertilizer (+NPK fertilizer) and higher soil moisture (16–18%), respectively. Asterisks above abiotic soil treatments (left vs. right bars within treatment) indicate significant differences between respective soil treatments after analysis of variance tests. Asterisks above two bars (within soil treatment) represent significant differences in plant growth when grown with or without soil biota after t-test analysis: ***P < 0.0001; **0.0001 < P <0.01; *0.01 < P < 0.05. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 3: average (±SE) root diameter (a) and number of roots tips per cm (b) of Dactylis glomerata grown in the absence (‘−’; blank bars) or presence of soil biota (‘+’; hatches bars). Asterisks between bars indicate significant differences between soil treatments after analysis of variance tests: **0.0001 < P <0.01; *0.01 < P < 0.05. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 4: soil biota effects for shoot (a), root (b) and total biomass production (c) of Dactylis glomerata grown at different soil temperatures (left), soil fertility (middle) and soil moistures (right). Lower soil temperature (18°C/13°C), no application of fertilizer (−NPK fertilizer) and lower soil moisture (8–10%) are represented by blank bars, whereas higher soil temperature (28°C/23°C), application of fertilizer (+NPK fertilizer) and higher soil moisture (16–18%) are indicated by hatched bars, respectively. Data represent means ± SE. Asterisks between bars indicate significant differences between respective soil treatments after anova-tests: *0.01 < P < 0.05; (*)0.05 < P < 0.1. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 5: microbial respiration in the sterilized soil–sand mixture that was inoculated with 5% non-sterilized soil used in the experiment (left bars), either incubated at lower soil temperatures (18°C/13°C; blank bars) or higher soil temperatures (28°C/23°C; hatched bars). Data represent means ± SE. Asterisks between bars indicate significant differences between respective soil treatments after Student’s t-tests: **0.0001 < P < 0.01. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth Figure 6: percentage root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (a) and presence of arbuscules (b) for Dactylis glomerata grown at different soil temperatures (left column of panels), soil fertility (middle column of panels) and soil moistures (right column of panels). Blank and hatched bars represent different treatments within soil treatments—see description for Fig.1. Data represent means ± SE. Asterisks between bars indicate significant differences between respective soil treatments after analysis of variance tests: *0.01 < P < 0.05. From: Soil temperature modifies effects of soil biota on plant growth J Plant Ecol. 2016;10(5):808-821. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw097 J Plant Ecol | © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com