Grammar Esercitazioni di Inglese EGST 2016-2017 Dott.ssa Barbara Meloni teacher.barbara.meloni@gmail.com barbara.meloni@unica.it 1

3 May 2017 Lesson overview Revision of Past Perfect Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous Used to Future forms:will or going to? Related Grammar & Listening Exercises 2

Revision of Past Perfect Compare the following sentences: a. When I got to the café, everyone ordered their drinks. b. When I got to the café, everyone had ordered their drinks. What is the difference between the two?

Past Perfect vs. Past Simple When I got to the café, everyone ordered their drinks. (= First, I got to the café, then everyone ordered their drinks) VS. When I got to the café, everyone had ordered their drinks. (= First, everyone ordered their drinks, then I got to the café)

Revision of Past Perfect 1 “ Perfect” means “completed before”. The Past Perfect Simple refers to an action in the past that was completed before another action in the past. As soon as I saw Mick, I knew I had met him before.

Past Perfect: Time adverbs With the Past Perfect we often use already, never and by: When I arrived at the conference centre, the presentation had already started.

Revision of Past Perfect 2 The Past Perfect Continuous, in contrast, refers to longer actions or repeated activities. We were exhausted because we’d been working all day.

Used to Used to expresses a habit or state in the past that is now finished: I used to read comics when I was a kid (but I don’t now) This town didn’t use to be a nice place to live, but then it changed. Did you and your father use to play football together?

Future 1: Will WHAT VERBS CAN WE USE TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE?

Future 1: Will WILL/WON’T BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE PRESENT SIMPLE FOR FUTURE

I ‘ll wait for you outside. Future 1: Will WHY DO WE USE WILL? 1. Instant decisions: when we decide to do something more or less at the time of speaking: I ‘ll wait for you outside. 2. Promises: I’ll do the best I can.

WHY DO WE USE WILL? 3. Offers of help: I’ll carry the suitcase to the car. 4. Requests: Will you get me an espresso, please?

Why do we use “Be going to”? We use BE + GOING TO + Infinitive to talk about plans and decisions that we have already made. The time can be near future or distant future. I’m going to have a meeting with my bank manager tomorrow. We also use be going to for predictions, especially when there is a strong evidence in the present situation: We’re going to have problems: the machine is still broken.

Will or Going to?