Strength Training Improves the Tri-Digit Finger-Pinch Force Control of Older Adults  Justin W. Keogh, PhD, Steve Morrison, PhD, Rod Barrett, PhD  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Volume 88, Issue 8, Pages 1055-1063 (August 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.014 Copyright © 2007 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Percent upper-limb strength between-group change scores for the trained limb of the strength-training group compared with the mean of the bilateral (preferred and nonpreferred limbs) of the control group. A positive change score represents a greater increase in strength for the strength-training group than for the control group. Data are mean ± 95% confidence limit. *Significantly greater change for the strength-training than control group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 88, 1055-1063DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.014) Copyright © 2007 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Representative pretraining (baseline) finger-pinch force data for the control and strength-training groups during (A) constant and (B) sinusoidal force production tasks. Time-series target, total (thumb), index finger, and middle finger force data are shown in the left column and a power spectrum for the total (thumb) force is shown in the right column. Control group data are displayed in the top row and data of the strength-training group are shown in the bottom row in both panels. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 88, 1055-1063DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.014) Copyright © 2007 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Representative pretraining (baseline) finger-pinch force data for the control and strength-training groups during (A) constant and (B) sinusoidal force production tasks. Time-series target, total (thumb), index finger, and middle finger force data are shown in the left column and a power spectrum for the total (thumb) force is shown in the right column. Control group data are displayed in the top row and data of the strength-training group are shown in the bottom row in both panels. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 88, 1055-1063DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.014) Copyright © 2007 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Percent (A) force variability, (B) targeting error, and (C) force sample entropy (SampEn) between-group change scores for the trained limb of the strength-training group compared with the mean of the bilateral (preferred and nonpreferred limbs) of the control group. Negative change scores indicated that the percentage decrease in force variability and targeting error was greater for the strength-training than the control group. Positive change scores indicated that the percentage increase in force sample entropy was greater for the strength training than the control group. Data are mean ± 95% confidence limit. *Significantly greater change for the strength-training than control group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 88, 1055-1063DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.014) Copyright © 2007 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions