Chapter Five Sexuality

Sexual Anatomy Sex organs of men and women arise from the same structures and have similar functions Each have gonads Ovaries (females) Testes (males) Gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones Ova (females) Sperm (males)

Female Reproductive System Figure 5-1a Be able to identify location/function of reproductive organs See Figure 5-1a for female genitalia (vulva) See Figure 5-1b for female genitalia (vagina)

Male Reproductive System Figure 5-2a Be able to identify location/function of reproductive organs See Figure 5-2a for male genitalia (scrotum/penis) See Figure 5-2b for male genitalia (semen production/glans)

Action of Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers secreted directly into the bloodstream by the endocrine system Sex hormones, produced by either testis or ovary, have an important role within the reproductive system Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone Adrenal glands produce androgens for both sexes

Differentiation of the Embryo Biological sex is determined by the fertilizing sperm at the point of conception All human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 of 23 pairs match, however the last pair (23rd) can differ, resulting in different sex of the embryo Females are XX Males are XY See box: “Sexual Differentiations, Hormones, and the Brain” These markers will dictate the formation of sex organs

Female Sexual Maturation Major physical differences between the sexes occur at puberty Changes are due to progesterone in females, testosterone in males Physical changes for females at puberty are: Breast development (ages 8-13) Rounding of hips and buttocks Pubic hair development

Menstrual Cycle Figure 5-3 Breakdown of the endometrial lining and discharge of tissue (menses) See Figure 5-3 on the menstrual cycle

Identify 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses: menstrual flow (day 1to day 5) Estrogenic phase: menstrual flow ceases and anterior pituitary produces (FSH) follicle-stimulating hormone and (LH) lutenizing hormone as an ova matures, which produces estrogen Ovulation: ovum is released due to estrodiol present which creates large does of (LH) and small amounts of (FSH) Progestational phase: corpus luteum is produced by the follicle, producing high levels of progesterone, until menses See Figure 5-3 on the menstrual cycle

Menstrual Problems Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): physical and psychological symptoms that recur during the same phase of the menstrual cycle Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): more severe symptoms than PMS Dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cycle) See box: ”Dietary Supplements and PMS”

Male Sexual Maturation Reproductive maturation occurs two years later compared to females (age 10-11) Physical changes include: Enlargement of the testes Development of pubic hair Growth of the penis Onset of ejaculation (age 11-12) Deepening of voice Facial hair Rapid physical growth

Aging and Sexuality Sexual activity does decline with age but a significant population of older adults remain sexually active Changes in Women: vaginal lubrication decreases, reduction in orgasmic contractions Changes in Men: erection process is prolonged, decrease in contractions at orgasm, ejaculation decreases in force and volume

Master & Johnson’s Human Sexual Response Pattern Excitement stage – arousal stage Plateau stage – leveling off of arousal immediately before climax Orgasm stage – neuromuscular tension is released Resolution stage – return the body back to pre-excitement stage See Figure 5-4 on the Sexual Response Cycle

Differences Between Men and Women in the Sexual Response Pattern Men are not multi orgasmic Men reach orgasm quicker during coitus Men enter into a refractory period after orgasm Women are multi orgasmic Women reach orgasm as quickly as men during masturbation Women do not have a refractory period

Common Sexual Health Problems Conditions affecting Women Conditions affecting Men Vaginitis Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Prostatitis Testicular cancer

Common Sexual Dysfunctions Conditions affecting Women Conditions affecting Men Vaginismus Orgasmic dysfunction Premature ejaculation Retarded ejaculation Erectile dysfunction

Concepts of Sexual Orientation Heterosexuality – sexual attraction to the opposite gender Homosexuality – sexual attraction to the same gender “gay” refers to a male homosexual “lesbian” refers to a female homosexual Bisexuality – sexual attraction toward both genders Homophobia – hatred or fear towards homosexuals See box: ‘Sexual Decision Making” See box: “Your sexual attitudes” See Figure 5-5 on motivations for engaging in sexual activities

Gender Identity Issues Transsexualism – sexual variation in which a person rejects his or her biological sexuality Transvestitism – atypical behavior in which a person derives sexual pleasure dressing in the opposite gender’s clothes See Box: “Are There Ethnic Differences in Sexual Decision Making and Behavior?” Gender identity is your personal inner self of being male of female

Patterns of Sexual Behavior Celibacy – self imposed avoidance of sexual intimacy Masturbation – gratification by self stimulation of one’s genitals; sexual fantasy or desires are associated with masturbation Erogenous zones/shared touching – areas of the body causing sexual arousal on contact genital contact could be considered an erogenous zone and part of foreplay (arousal before intercourse)

Patterns of Sexual Behavior, cont’d Oral-genital stimulation fellatio (oral stimulation of a male’s genitalia) cunnilingus (oral stimulation of a female’s genitalia) Sexual intercourse – penile to vaginal penetration (coitus) Anal intercourse – sodomy performed by both heterosexual couples and gay men

Atypical and Problematic Sexual Behaviors Sexual fantasies and behaviors not always accepted by other adult partners, which could be considered harmful or illegal Examples include: Paraphilias Sexual coercion Commercial sex (pornography)] Prostitution See Box: “cybersex”

Responsible Sexual Behavior Include the following: Open, Honest Communication Agreed-On Sexual Activities Sexual Privacy Using Contraception Safer Sex Sober Sex Taking Responsibility for Consequences

Chapter Five Sexuality