Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Materials as Platforms for Renewable Energy and Environmental Applications  Huabin Zhang, Jianwei Nai, Le Yu, Xiong Wen (David) Lou  Joule  Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 77-107 (September 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic Organization of the Main Contents Including Pristine MOFs, MOF Composites and MOF Derivatives, and Some Major Applications Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Structures and Related Hydrogen Adsorption Performances (A–E) Crystal structure of MOF-5 (A), which is constructed by the assembly of terephthalic acid and Zn4 nodes. With the change of organic linkers, IRMOF-6 (B) and IRMOF-8 (C) with enlarged pore size were constructed. Hydrogen gas sorption isotherm for MOF-5 at (D) 78 K and (E) 298 K. Reprinted from Rosi et al.,25 with permission. Copyright 2003, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Structural Analysis, UV-Vis Absorption, Catalytic Performance, and Related Reaction Mechanism (A) Three-dimensional MOF-253-Pt, organized by the post assembly of MOF-253 with PtCl2. (B) Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of parent MOF-253, as well as Pt incorporated MOF-253-Pt. (C) EXAFS Fourier transform (FT) spectrum investigation for MOF-253-Pt. (D) UV-vis spectra of various catalysts; photocatalytic hydrogen evolution quantum efficiencies of MOF-253-Pt in varied wavelengths are also presented. (E) H2 evolution activities for different catalysts. (F) The possible reaction mechanism for the H2 evolution process over MOF-253-Pt under visible-light irradiation. Reprinted from Zhou et al.,30 with permission. Copyright 2013, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Structure Optimization, Morphology, and Catalytic Performance Investigation of MoCN-3D (A) Schematic description for the assembly process of MoCN-3D. (B) Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for HZIF-Mo precursor. (C and D) FESEM image (C) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) image (D) for constructed MoCN-3D. (E and F) The HER polarization curves of various catalysts (E) and related Tafel plots (F) in 0.5 M H2SO4. (G) Mass activities (top) and TOF values (bottom) of catalysts at different overpotentials. Reprinted from Zhang et al.,36 with permission. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Structure Analysis and Adsorption Mode of Monodentate Hydroxide-Modified Pore Structure (A) The porous structure of newly constructed MOF with monodentate hydroxide-modified pore surface. (B) Comparison of the local coordination structures with and without monodentate hydroxide group modification. (C) Proposed CO2 adsorption mechanisms for MOF with (right) and without (left) monodentate hydroxide group modification. Reprinted from Liao et al.,22 with permission. Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Structure Analysis and Related Catalytic Performance of MOF-525-Co (A) View of the 3D network of MOF-525-Co featuring a highly porous framework and incorporated active sites. (B) Wavelet transform for the k3-weighted EXAFS signal of MOF-525-Co, based on Morlet wavelets with optimum resolution at the first (lower panel) and higher (upper panel) coordination shells. (C and D) Time-dependent CO (C) and CH4 (D) evolution over MOF-525-Co (green), MOF-525-Zn (orange), MOF-525 (purple) photocatalysts, and H6TCPP ligand (pink). (E) Enhancement of production evolution over MOF-525-Co (green), MOF-525-Zn (orange), and MOF-525 (purple). Reprinted from Zhang et al.,45 with permission. Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Structure and Related Catalytic Performance of Al2(OH)2TCPP-Co (A) Basic construction units of Al2(OH)2TCPP-Co. (B) Constructed three-dimensional architecture of Al2(OH)2TCPP-Co. (C) Schematic description for the integration of MOF with a conductive substrate, resulting in functional CO2 electrochemical reduction system. (D) Voltammogram trace of the MOF catalyst exhibits a current increase in a CO2 environment relative to an argon-saturated environment. (E and F) With the increase of sweep rate in a CO2-saturated electrolyte (E), the electrochemical waves increase in magnitude proportional to the square root of the scan rate (F), indicative of a diffusion-limited process. (G) Layer thickness-dependent catalytic performance. (H) The selectivity for each product is tested over a potential range of −0.5 to −0.9 versus RHE. (I) The steady-state current density for product quantification. (J) The Tafel slope of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Reprinted from Kornienko et al.,47 with permission. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Structure and Related Catalytic Performance of [Co4(hmp)4(μ-OAc)2(μ2-OAc)2(H2O)2] (A) Crystal structure of [Co4(hmp)4(μ-OAc)2(μ2-OAc)2(H2O)2] with the Co4O4 unit. (B) Photocatalytic activity of the title compound in reaction media with different pH values. (C) Concentration-dependent photocatalytic O2 evolution in reaction media with different pH values. Reprinted from Evangelisti et al.,49 with permission. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 Synthetic Strategy, Structure, Morphology, and Related Catalytic Performance (A) Schematic description of the construction of multi-shell mixed-metal oxyphosphide particle. (B–G) FESEM (B–D) and TEM (E–G) images of multi-shelled Ni-Co (B and E), Ni-Mn (C and F), and Mn-Co-Ni (D and G) oxyphosphide particles. (H and I) Line sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves (H) and Tafel plots (I) of activated Mn-Co oxyphosphide particles, Mn-Co oxyphosphide particles, and Mn-Co oxide particles. Reprinted from Guan et al.,57 with permission. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 10 Synthetic Strategy, Structure, Morphology, and Related Catalytic Performance (A) Schematic illustration of the dual-metal organic framework assembly process. (B–F) FESEM (B, C, and F) and TEM (D and E) images of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) functionalized MIL-88B nanorods and MIL-88B@ZIF-8 dual-MOFs. (G) XRD patterns (inset: digital photos) of ZIF-8 and MIL-88B@ZIF-8 dual-MOFs. Electrochemical characterizations of Fe3C@N-CNT assemblies as an electrocatalyst for ORR. (H) CV curves in N2-saturated and O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution with a sweep rate of 20 mV s−1. (I) LSV curves of Fe3C@N-CNT assemblies, Fe3C-Fe/N-CNT mixture, porous carbon nanoshells, and commercial Pt/C catalyst in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution with a sweep rate of 10 mV s−1 at the rotating speed of 1,600 rpm. Reprinted from Guan et al.,58 with permission. Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 11 Synthesis Procedure, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Performance Investigation (A) Schematic illustration of the formation of CoS2 nanobubble hollow prisms via a two-step self-templating strategy. (B–D) FESEM (B and C) and TEM (D and E) images of CoS4 nanobubble hollow prisms obtained after sulfidation in ethanol. (F and G) FESEM (F) and TEM (G) images of CoS2 nanobubble hollow prisms obtained after annealing at a high temperature. (H) Galvanostatic charge-discharge voltage profiles at 200 mA g−1. (I) Rate capabilities at various current densities. Reprinted from Yu et al.,73 with permission. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 12 Synthesis Procedure, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Performance Investigation (A–I) Schematic description of the construction procedures for the CH@LDH/S hybrids (A). FESEM and TEM images of (B and F) ZIF-67, (C and G) single-shelled ZIF-67@LDH, (D and H) double-shelled CH@LDH nanomatrix, and (E and I) CH@LDH/S. (J) Comparison of cycle performance between CH@LDH/S and C/S. (K) Discharge capacities of CH@LDH/S. Reprinted from Zhang et al.,74 with permission. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 13 Synthesis Procedure, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Performance Investigation (A) A synthetic strategy for various CoS hollow structures. (B–G) FESEM (B and E) and TEM (C, D, F, and G) images of ZIF-67/Co(OH)2-NS yolk-shelled structures (B–D) and CoS-NP/CoS-NS DSNBs (E–G). (H and I) CV curves at various scan rates (H) and galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles at different current densities of CoS-NP/CoS-NS DSNBs (I). Reprinted from Hu et al.,88 with permission. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Joule 2017 1, 77-107DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.008) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions