Synchrotron Radiation Detector Studies ETH-ZURICH Volker Commichau, Hanspeter von Gunten Hans Hofer, Ulf Roeser, Gert M. Viertel KNU Manwoo Lee EWHA Kyung Sook Kim SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

S. A. Stephens, V. K. Balasubrahmanyan, Earth’s magnetic field as a radiator to detect cosmic ray electrons of energy > 1012 eV, J. Geophys. Res. 88, A10,7811 (1983) 1998 SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH 3

2005 SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

~ m Trigger Device SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Number of synchrotron photons on the SRD for an electron energy of 10 TeV for various SRD detection ranges x SRD Model Magnetic Field: 400 mG ½ l: 1.6 m SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Energy distribution of synchrotron photons for various detection ranges of the SRD SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Technical Publication: H. Anderhub et al., NIM A491 (2002) 98-112 SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

PSRD : X-Ray Detector SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH 3

Small YAP SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Large YAP Crystal Assembly Veto PMT Output & Bias (5 mm Plastic Scintillator) PMT Output & Bias 30 x 30 x 30 mm3 YAP SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Large YAP Tor-Lm (“Mylar”) Window 5 mm NE102A 30x30x30 mm3 YAP SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Macro Strip Detector With APV Readout SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Typical event 8 bit ADC 50 ns / channel SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

YAP: 18x18x1 mm3 YAP: 30x30x30 mm3 [AU] MET [h] Counts/sec Counts/sec South Atlantic Anomaly [AU] MET [h] Averaged Gate Content: (# of Signals per Gate) / 10: Latitude: PMT Current: PSRD Attitude: Deep Space SCA >10 keV Channel: SCA >40 keV Channel: SCA >120 keV Channel: YAP: 30x30x30 mm3 SCA Charged Particle Channel: Solar Cell : LED Test Pulse Counts/sec Counts/sec South Polar Region North Polar Region MET [h] H. Anderhub / ETHZ SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

PSRD Attitude: Deep Space YAP # 4B YAP (18 x 18 x 1 mm3 / 50 μm Be Window) SAA & Pole Regions excluded SAA and Pole Regions No Sun Sun No Sun Sun B. Zimmermann / ETHZ SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

MIP Small YAP PSRD Attitude: Deep Space No Sun SAA & Poles excluded Direct Channel Attenuated Channel (x10) MIP B. Zimmermann / ETH SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

PSRD in the Polar Region Small YAP 1A Small YAP 6A ~ 100 keV ~ 140 μsec SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

PSRD (Small YAP): All Attitudes, No Direct Sun North Pole Counts / (Small Yap[4B] x sec) Solar Flares South Atlantic Anomaly South Pole B. Zimmermann / ETHZ SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Results from the PSRD Mission Measurement of the background: Outside the polar regions, the South Atlantic Anomaly and during years of moderate/low sun activities: The SRD concept can be realized . Usefulness of the APV readout for space application proven (Time resolution < 10 ns & high readout density). Detector components: Space qualified. SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

GSO: Gd2(SiO4)O-Ce YAP: YAlO3-Ce YSO: Y2(SiO4)O-Ce BGO: Bi4Ge3O12 SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Cerium doped Yttrium Perovskite [YAP(Ce)] SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

HAMAMATSU R5900U SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

~50 % SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD – TRD Concept 1.2 m x 1.2 m TRD 1600 Cells SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

TRD – X-tal Test at CERN SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

TRD – X-tal Test Results (Sample) SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Single Cell Crystal YAP/Other Crystal 30x30x30 mm3 PMT/Other Hamamatsu Subsegment 64 Cells PreAmp Bias TorLM Window not shown (Light Shield) SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Time resolution measurement with Mn54 source SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

PMT ~ 0.05 W (Preamp) + 0.02 W (Bias) 1600 x 0.07 W SRD-TRD Design Study: Power Consumption PMT ~ 0.05 W (Preamp) + 0.02 W (Bias) 1600 x 0.07 W APV ~ 0.3 W 25 x 0.3 W ADC + RAM +I/O ~ 0.3 W 25 x 0.3 W TDC + programmable Delay ~ 0.2 W 25 x 0.2 W PLD + I/O ~ 1.0 W 25 x 1.0 W TRD 1600 x 0.07 W Computing 75 W Slow Control 2 W Data Storage 5 W Total Power (Estimated) : 351 W Weight (Estimated) 618 kg SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH

Conclusion The Synchrotron Radiation Detector can be built and operated except for the polar regions and SAA, excluding also direct sun. This device can measure the sign and energy of multi-TeV electrons and positrons in a high hadron background. The SRD – TRD design concept including fast scintillators with high light yield for both sub-components (TRD & SRD) has advantages: Excellent time resolution Low power consumption Low weight High efficiency Low background from trigger device back splash Simplified TRD operation (No gas system) SRD / PEBS/ January 2009 / GV / ETH