Sign stimuli in a classic FAP fixed action pattern Figure 51.3 (b)

Kinesis - Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas Moist site under leaf Dry open area Sow bug Figure 51.4 A kinesis

Oriented Movement / seasonal: Migration Figure 51.5 Migration

Male fiddler crab beckoning to potential mates Figure 51.6 Male fiddler crab beckoning to potential mates

Courtship behavior of the fruit fly Figure 51.7 (a) Orienting (b) Tapping (c) “Singing”

Honeybee dance language (a) Worker bees (b) Round dance (food near) (c) Waggle dance (food distant) A 30° Figure 51.8 Honeybee dance language C B Beehive 30° Location A Location B Location C

Minnows responding to the presence (a) Minnows before alarm Minnows responding to the presence of an alarm substance (b) Minnows After pheromone alarm signal Figure

Imprinting (a) Konrad Lorenz and geese Figure 51.10 (b) Pilot and cranes

Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest? EXPERIMENT Nest Pinecone RESULTS Figure 51.11 Nest No nest

A young chimpanzee learning to crack oil palm nuts by observing an experienced elder Figure

Are differences in migratory orientation within a species genetically determined? EXPERIMENT Scratch marks RESULTS Figure N Adults from Britain and offspring of British adults BRITAIN W E S GERMANY N Young from SW Germany W E S

Western garter snake from a coastal habitat eating a banana slug Figure 51.16

Relationship between mating system and male and female forms. (a) Monogamous species (b) Polygynous species Figure 51.20 (c) Polyandrous species

Polygynous species – Male larger and more dominant Fig. 51-20b Figure 51.20b Relationship between mating system and male and female forms Polygynous species – Male larger and more dominant

Polyandrous species – female has multiple partners Fig. 51-20c Figure 51.20c Relationship between mating system and male and female forms Polyandrous species – female has multiple partners

Paternal care by a male jawfish Eggs Figure 51.21

Female choice - Male stalk-eyed flies Figure 51.22

Appearance / variation of male zebra finches in nature Figure 51.23

Males Compete - Agonistic interaction Figure 51.25

Male polymorphism in the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) Figure 51.26

Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls Figure 51.31

Learning Imprinting Learning and problem solving Spatial learning Cognition Social learning Associative learning

You should now be able to: State Tinbergen’s four questions and identify each as a proximate or ultimate causation. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: kinesis and taxis, circadian and circannual behavioral rhythms, classical and operant conditioning. Suggest a proximate and an ultimate cause for imprinting in newly hatched geese. Explain how associative learning may help a predator avoid toxic prey.

Describe how cross-fostering experiments help identify the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors in determining specific behaviors. Describe optimal foraging theory. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating systems. Distinguish between intersexual and intrasexual selection.

Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate alternative behavioral strategies. Define altruistic behavior. Distinguish between kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Define social learning and culture.