ab initio Chemistry ab initio QCD 1930+50 = 1980 0.1 flops  10 Mflops Comparison of Chemistry & QCD : K. Wilson (1989 Capri): “lattice gauge theory could also require a 108 increase in computer power AND spectacular algorithmic advances before useful interactions with experiment ...” ab initio Chemistry 1930+50 = 1980 0.1 flops  10 Mflops Gaussian Basis functions ab initio QCD 1980 + 50 = 2030?* 10 Mflops  1000 Tflops Clever Multi-scale Variable? “Almost 20 Years ahead of schedule!” *Fast Computers + Smart Algorithms + Rigorous QCD Theoretical Analysis = ab initio predictions

Forces in Standard Model Nuclei Weak N=2 (Isospin) Atoms: Maxwell N=1(charge) Sub nuclear: Strong N=3 (Color) Standard Model: U(1) £ SU(2) £ SU(3)

Quantum Chromo Dynamics - QCD QED: theory of electromagnetism QCD: theory of strong interactions – hadronic physics QED QCD Photon,  Gluons, G Charged particles, e, , u, d,… Quarks: u, d, s, c, b, t 2 charges: positive & negative 3 charges: “red”, “green”, “blue” Photon is neutral Gluons carry color charge e ' 1/137 s ' O(1) Highly non-linear theory – can only use perturbation theory at high energy

Running Coupling Unification Strong Weak E&M Mplanck = 1018

But QCD has charged Quarks and Gluons Quark-Antiquarks polarize just like e+- e- pairs “But Gluons Act with Opposite Sign!”  X

Quark+anti-Quark in Meson

3 Color  3 quarks in Proton

Glue in Vacuum is Lumpy l