Establishing Canadian Communities By: Anastasiya and Tetyana Chapter 7 Establishing Canadian Communities By: Anastasiya and Tetyana

WHAT IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “BLACK CANADIANS” AND “ AFRICAN AMERICAN” Very few Black Canadians were brought directly from Africa. Most early slaves, refugees and immigrants were from the U.S. The majority of recent immigrants are from the Caribbean. Antigua, Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados and Belize. Blacks have come to Canada from several different countries, Black Canadian is the more inclusive and popular name.

WHAT IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “BLACK CANADIANS” AND “ AFRICAN AMERICAN” In the U.S. most Blacks call themselves African American, but in Canada Blacks refer to Black Canadians. In the U.S. most Blacks were brought directly as slaves from Africa In the U.S.they prefer to be called African Americans to keep their link to their homeland and heritage alive.

Historical population Black Canadians Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1871 21,500 —     1881 21,400 −0.5% 1901 17,500 −18.2% 1911 16,900 −3.4% 1921 18,300 +8.3% 1931 19,500 +6.6% 1941 22,200 +13.8% 1951 18,000 −18.9% 1961 32,100 +78.3% 1971 34,400 +7.2% 1981 239,500 +596.2% 1991 504,300 +110.6% 2001 662,200 +31.3% 2011 945,665 +42.8% Census data[1][5][10]

Black Canadians

Why did Black Canadians come to Canada? Black Canadians came to Canada to escape slavery in US. In 1800s- 1900s some Black Canadians came as free people serving in the French army though some were enslaved or indenture servants.

What experiences have shaped the stories of different communities in Canada? Every year in Toronto, Ontario we have a Carabbien Festival tons of Black Canadians are from the Carrabien it lets Black Canadians/Carribeans a chance to express their culture in Canada. The festival is from Thursday July28th to Sunday July 31st in 2016. At the festival you will be able to dance go on Festival Boat Cruises, check out live Soca and Calypso.

Facts about black Canadians About 30% of Black Canadians have Jamaican heritage. An additional 32% have heritage elsewhere in the Caribbean or Bermuda. 60% of Black Canadians are under the age of 35 57% of Black Canadians live in the province of Ontario. 97% of Black Canadian live in urban areas Black women in Canada outnumber Black men by 32,000.

Chinese Immigrants City Province Chinese Percentage Toronto Ontario 531,635 9.6% Vancouver British Columbia 411,470 18.0% Montreal Quebec 91,785 2.4% Calgary Alberta 75,470 6.3% Edmonton 60,715 5.3% Ottawa 42,740 3.5% Winnipeg Manitoba 20,410 2.9% Hamilton 14,785 2.1% Victoria 14,460 4.3% Kitchener 14,125 3.0%

Chinese Immigrants

Why did Chinese immigrants come to Canada? Chinese people came to Canada because floods and wars in China made it hard for people to grow crops for food, live in safety and peace, or make a living. During these unstable years 1858-1947 farmers were dragged into armies, crops were ruined and bandit gangs raided villages.

WAS IT EASY FOR CHINESE PEOPLE TO COME TO CANADA? No, in 1885 Canadian government imposed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants entering Canada. The Head Tax started out as $50 in 1885, and went up to $500 in 1903. It lasted until 1923 – 38 years! Not all Chinese arrivals had to pay the head tax, however; some were presumed to return to China after from Canada because of their transitory occupation or background. In 1923 the government intensified its anti-Chinese efforts by making it virtually impossible for Chinese people to immigrate to Canada.

WAS IT EASY FOR CHINESE PEOPLE TO COME TO CANADA? In 1923 the government intensified its anti-Chinese efforts by making it virtually impossible for Chinese people to immigrate to Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 and was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The tax was abolished by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which stopped all Chinese immigration except for business people, clergy, educators, students, and other categories.

Chinese in Canada today There are many different languages spoken in China, including Mandarin, Yue, Wu, Minbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan and Hakka. The first Chinese immigrants, a group of 50 artisans who accompanied fur trader Captain John Meares, settled in British Columbia as early as 1788. 

What contributions to Canadian society have Chinese made? Chinese Canadians are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. Despite their importance to the Canadian economy, including the historic construction of the CPR many European Canadians were hostile to Chinese immigration, and a prohibitive head tax restricted immigration from 1885 to 1923.

What experiences have shaped the stories of different communities in Canada? Over the years, from the 1700s to 1900s Canada has gone through many “events”, The potato famine, CP railway and the head tax. All these events affected different communities. Like the population of Quebec probably came from Les Filles du roi. These events make Canada.

BIBLIOGHRAPHY www.k12studycanada.org http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ www.collectionscanada.gc.ca www.wikipedia.org http://www.culturalcentre.ca/ www.google.ca