UNIT FOUR – INDUSTRIALISM,LABOR, and IMMIGRATION

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Presentation transcript:

UNIT FOUR – INDUSTRIALISM,LABOR, and IMMIGRATION

Industrial Development 1880- U.S. industrial world leader in producing goods Labor force-immigrants Coal supply Iron Edwin Drake- discovers Oil in U.S. Railroads- Public $ Laissez- Faire Govt. High tariffs on U.S. goods

Innovations and Entrepreneurs Late 1800’s- inventions explode Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell Light Bulb/ Phonograph- Thomas Edison Electric Power- Nikola Tesla (AC power) Radio Bessemer Process- Carnegie Typewriter- Christopher Sholes Photography Motion Pictures Retail Canned foods 2nd Industrial Revolution

Entrepreneurs John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Company Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel J.P. Morgan- U.S. Steel Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroads James Duke- Tobacco-electric power George Westinghouse- electric power

Railroads Iron Horse Standardization of time Transcontinental Urban areas grow Company Towns- George Pullman Makes RR carts in Illinois Strikes Scandals- Credit Mobilier Govt. and fraud Abuses leads to Granger Laws Interstate Commerce Act- creates ICC (1887) to regulate business

Growth of Big Business Corporations emerge Advantages: Limited liability- stocks Mass production More efficient Manager-workers Productivity- studies Frederick Taylor-”Taylorism” Disadvantages: Unfair competition Corruption and bribery Destroy Labor Unions

Social Darwinism New Theory “Gospel of Wealth”- Carnegie writes this Based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution “Survival of the Fittest” Apply this business world Best business survive Justifies wealth “Gospel of Wealth”- Carnegie writes this Give to worthy causes- philanthropy Horatio Alger- Dime Novels Rags to Riches- “American Dream”

Types of Big Business Monopoly- one business controls most of the supply of a product Trust- when several businesses act as one under the control of directors Merger- businesses come together to become one larger business Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration Horizontal- type of monopoly formed by controlling all of the same type of business Vertical- monopoly by controlling businesses related to the primary business

Standard Oil

Vanderbilt Railroads

Robber Barons Term used to negatively describe businessmen Profits are huge by Businesses Philanthropy- giving away $ to charity Helped improve image of robber barons Business practices start to get exposed Public starts to call for regulation Sherman Anti-Trust Act- 1890 Weak law but sets a precedent for future regulation Illegal to have monopoly or trusts Too weak to begin with

Workers and Growth of Labor Unions Urban Labor increases 400% by 1890 Unskilled laborers Assembly line work Conditions poor: Sweatshops Low wages Long hours Dangerous conditions Company towns Child labor

Child Labor

Tenement Housing

Labor Unions Workers Owners: unite for better conditions of workers Strikes Collective bargaining Arbitration Owners: Blacklists Lockouts Scabs

Unions Knights of Labor- Terence Powderly Accepted all labor Fails because unskilled labor lacks power AFL- American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers Only skilled labor-Craft Union Strikes become legitimate Industrial Unions Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Big Bill Haywood Eugene Debs- united railroad workers socialism?

Labor Unrest and Strikes 1- Railroad Strike of 1877 Violent protest leads govt. troops to restore order 2- Haymarket Square 1886 McCormick Strike day before Bomb is thrown at square- police and workers die KOL blamed- several arrested, convicted, hanged 3- Pullman Coach Strike- 1894 Wages cut but not rent Govt. jails Debs- becomes a socialist 4- Homestead Strike- 1892 Violent strike in a Carnegie Steel Plant Strikebreakers brought in- national guard used

Pressure on Business Women fight for better working conditions for miners Helped strike Mary Harris “Mother” Jones Fights against Child Labor Public supports workers problems, but likes cheap products Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- 146 women dies in NYC fire Exits blocked

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Urbanization Old Immigration vs. New Immigration (1890) Eastern Europe and Pacific immigration-New Western Europe- old Long journey Ellis Island- NY immigrant processing Angel Island- SF immigrant processing Culture Shock Melting Pot Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act- limited immigration of Chinese

Urbanization Farming decreases 1/3 by 1900 Poor housing Tenements Crime, fire, sanitation, water, pollution, disease Social Gospel- Christian theme of helping the less fortunate Salvation army Jacob Riis- “How the Other Half Lives” Jane Addams- Hull House- Chicago Settlement Houses

The Gilded Age Corrupt Govt. Political Machines- party dominates an area Led by a city boss Patronage (spoils), Grafts, jobs, services, kickbacks Why? Cities lack services, helped the bottom for votes Tweed Ring ran NYC- Tammany Hall Corrupt Exposed by Political Cartoonist Thomas Nast

Tammany Hall Tiger

Civil Service Reform Patronage (Spoils) put unqualified people in positions Hayes advocates reform Wants a merit system Garfield continues Hayes reforms Garfield assassinated by job seeker replaced by Chester Arthur Pendelton Act- replaces spoils system Civil Service System Republicans dominate (1860-1908) Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland 1884- 1892 Tariffs become an issue- Big Business likes them McKinley Tariff the highest yet

Life at the Turn of the Century Cities grow up Daniel Burnham- Architect Frederick Olmstead- Landscape architect NY Central Park Airplanes- Wright Brothers Photography- George Eastman Newspapers- Pulitzer vs. Hearst Mass Culture- Baseball Bicycles Parks Department Stores(RFD) Chain Stores