Forensic implications of respiratory derived blood spatter distributions  David Denison, Alice Porter, Matthew Mills, Robert C. Schroter  Forensic Science International  Volume 204, Issue 1, Pages 144-155 (January 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The physical model used in Study 4. (a) General view and detailed features of the experimental setup and (b) detailed view of the model nasal cavity and valve showing the nature of the resultant aerosol depending on the site of placement of the instilled blood. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Typical mouth pressure–time tracing during simulation of puffing on a straw to expel blood as described in the text. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Number of exhaled droplets of blood expelled from a straw captured on a target placed approx. 1m horizontally from the mouth. (a) Straw length=3.3cm. (b) Straw length=5.3cm. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Ranking of the captured droplet numbers reported in Fig. 3 based on observed sound level linked to the manoeuvre as described in the text. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Mouth pressure recordings for a series of ‘P's made with differing intensity. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Mouth pressure recordings for a series of ‘S's of varying intensity. The recordings to the right of the dotted line were chosen to mimic the utterances used in the blood spatter experiments described in the text. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Mouth pressure recordings for a series of ‘PISS off's of varying intensity. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Exhaled blood spatter patterns on an observer near to a semi-prone subject. Series A: subject exhaled via right nostril, observer kneeling at arms length and square on to face of prone body. Series B: subject exhaled via right nostril, observer kneeling at arms length at chest level of prone body, facing and rotated towards the head. Series C: the two bodies were placed as in Series A, but the blood was exhaled from the mouth. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Droplet velocity as a function of distance along a 30mm long, 6mm dia. tube when accelerated by airflow with a characteristic speed of 10ms−1. Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 (a) Computed trajectories of 1.0 and 0.1mm dia. drops ejected at 5ms−1 into still air horizontally and upward at angles of 30° and 45°. (b) Expanded scale showing detailed trajectories of 0.1 and 1mm droplets for the same conditions as in (a). Forensic Science International 2011 204, 144-155DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.017) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions