Part 8 Chapter Eighteen Civil Rights at Work

Chapter Eighteen Learning Objectives Examine the dichotomy of the founding of the United States: high ideals and human bondage. Review Constitutional Amendments eliminating slavery and promoting the equality of citizenship for former slaves. Discuss Civil Rights laws and litigation between 1865 and 1900. Review the basic elements of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Review the milestones across American history that reflect the struggle for civil rights. Examine gender discrimination and occupational segregation. Examine guidelines on sexual harassment. Move the concern regarding discriminatory behavior to a new place by asking, “How can we promote diversity in the workplace?”

Two Simultaneous Trends in American History Widespread discrimination and injustice in practice A UNIQUE PERVERSITY OR THE COMMON CIRCUMSTANCE? High ideals of humanitarianism and equality

The U. S. Constitution (1789) Slaves count as 3/5 person for apportioning seats to House of Representatives. Congress cannot end the slave trade before 1808. The Constitution may not be amended to prohibit imports of slaves before 1808. Fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners.

Reconstruction Amendments and Laws 13th Amendment (1865) Prohibited slavery 14th Amendment (1868) No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 15th Amendment (1870) Protected voting rights of freed slaves Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1875 Protected freed slaves against discrimination in employment and in transportation or accommodations.

Why Reconstruction Civil Rights Laws Failed The Hayes-Tilden Compromise (1876) The Civil Rights Cases (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) THE GOOD, THE BAD & THE UGLY Lady Liberty sheds tears of shame.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 It is unlawful to discriminate in employment based on an individual’s: Race Color Religion Sex National Origin

Milestones in the Struggle for Civil Rights at Work Year Milestone 1776 Declaration of Independence 1789 United States Constitution 1865 Fourteenth Amendment 1883 Civil Rights Cases 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson 1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Executive Order 11246 1971 Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 1979 United Steelworkers v. Weber

Gender Discrimination A Worldwide Phenomenon International Labor Organization study Women were paid less than men for comparable work in EVERY nation. Wages were between 50% to 96% of men’s in 1995. United Nations study (1994-1999) Women’s wages in manufacturing work were lower than men’s in 38 of 39 countries studied. Wages were 20% to 50% of men’s in 27 of the countries.

The Top Nine Jobs Held by Women: 2000* Number Women as a Percentage of Women of Total Number of Occupation (in thousands) Workers in Occupation 1. Secretary 2,002 99% 2. Elementary school teacher 1,563 83 3. Registered Nurse 1,385 91 4. Nursing Aid, orderly or attendant 1,267 88 5. Cashier 1,046 77 6. Health technologist or technician 1,023 78 7. Bookkeeper, accounting, or auditing clerk 1,014 91 8. Accountants and auditors 785 60 9. Receptionist 688 97 *Based on number of women working full-time as wage and salary workers in detailed occupational categories Table 18.1 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (1980) Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when: Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

How to Promote Diversity in a Corporation Top management commitment Recruitment outreach Affirmative action hiring Training programs Mentoring Encourage social identity groups Collect data to measure achievements Adapt policies Set up reward systems