Chapter 30: Nuclear and High Energy Physics © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Goals for Chapter 30 To study the properties of nuclei. To understand why nuclei are stable (or not). To overview radioactivity, radiation, and the life sciences. To summarize nuclear reactions, fission, and fusion. To overview fundamental particles and high-energy physics. To introduce cosmology. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Get a Mental Picture of the Sizes If the stadium were an atom, the nucleus would be a garden pea at about second base. The electrons would fill the city it was in! Refer to Example 30.1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Atomic Nuclei Are Consistent But Different Refer to Table 30.1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic Masses – Table 30.2 Refer also to Problem Solving Strategy 30.1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

E = mc2 and the Mass Defect – Figure 30.1 Refer to Example 30.2. The only explanation for missing mass when atoms are split is conversion to energy. This is our first example of non-conservation! © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

N, P, and Nuclear Stability – Figure 30.2 Notice that N = P is stable only in very light elements. Heavier, stable nuclei have N > P. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alpha Decay – Figure 30.3 Because of their size and speed, alpha particles are the least penetrating of particulate radiation. Refer to the text on page 967 for examples and elements prone to this type of decay. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Beta and Gamma Radiation – Figure 30.4 A beta particle is an electron and is more penetrating that an alpha particle. Gamma rays are very energetic electromagnetic radiation (more so than even x-rays). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Decay Series – Figure 30.5 From a very heavy element like Uranium-238, one can trace steps of decay all the way to Pb-206. Refer to Quantitative Analysis 30.2 and Example 30.3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Terms and Definitions from Nuclear Chemistry Decay Rates Number of radioactive nuclei remaining after time t Half life Decay constant and half life Activity Lifetime Curie Becquerel Refer to Conceptual Analysis 30.3, Example 30.4 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Radiation and the Life Sciences – Define Terms Gray Rad RBE Sievert Rem © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Applications Conceptual Analysis 30.4 – Absorbing radiation Example 30.5 – Medical x-rays Radiation hazards Radon hazards Example 30.6 – Radiation in the air Medical applications © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nuclear Reactions/Nuclear Energy A reaction with emission/decay or bombardment/addition. Nuclear reactions are exothermic (exoergic) and endothermic (endoergic). See Examples 30.7 and 30.8. Nuclear fission Fission fragments Induced fission Spontaneous fission Chain reactions Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chain Reaction – Figure 30.10 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nuclear Power Plant – Figure 30.11 and Example 30.9 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nuclear Fusion and Fundamental Particles Something we've seen in our sun and weapons. A commercial power plant based on nuclear fusion is a problem of containment, of engineering. Fundamental particles Neutron Positron Antiparticles/pair production Mesons Pions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

High Energy Physics – Terms Formed around the four forces The strong interaction The electromagnetic interaction The weak interaction The gravitational interaction More particles Antiproton Hadrons Leptons Bosons Fermions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Leptons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hadrons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Further Terms See baryon Example 30.10 Strangeness Conservation laws See Conceptual Analysis 30.5 Quarks © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quarks © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Topics and Terms Grand or unified field theory The expanding universe Red and blue shifts/Hubble's law The Big Bang/critical density Dark matter and dark energy Matter and antimatter Pages 994–995 propose a chronological history of the universe. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.