Pre-Civil War China Mr. Parker IB History

Kang Youwei 1858-1927 Political thinker and reformer of the Qing Dynasty Wanted to move China to a Constitutional Monarchy Radical thinker - Equality of the sexes Socialism over capitalism Loathed by Empress Dowager Cixi Competed with Sun for influence Failed coup in 1917

Sun Yat Sen 1866-1925 First President and founding father of the Republic Career revolutionary Founder of the Nationalist Party (1912) A uniting figure in post-imperial China Author Three Principles of the People Worked to re-unify China Died in 1925 - power passed to Chiang Kai Shek

Sun and post-1911 Politics 1912 - Puyi abdicates and Yuan Shikai became president Government moved to Beijing and divided between Sun’s Nationalists and Yuan’s Republicans 1913 - Second Revolution - attempt to overthrow Yuan - failed - exile Yuan banned the KMT, resurrected by Sun in 1919 1921 - Sun establishes a military government in Guangzhou 1923 - Sun-Joffe Agreement - collaboration between KMT and CCP Led to the Northern Expedition 1925 - Sun dies and is replaced by Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi)

Yuan Shikai 1859-1916 Qing General Negotiated the abdication of the Emperor in return for Presidency of the Republic Conflict with KMT and Second Revolution Established the provincial system that led the seeds for warlordism Agreed to 21 Demands Made himself Emperor Died in office in 1916

Feng Yuxiang 1882-1948 Warloed and leader in Republican China Known as the Christian General Member of the Nationalist Party and participant in Northern Expedition 1928 - Vice President and War Minister Split with Jiang over Sino-Japanese War Never a Communist, but close to CCP

Chen Duxiu 1879-1942 Revolutionary, socialist (Trotskyist), educator and philosopher Co-founder of the CCP (with Li Dazhao) Leading member of May 4th Movement Head of Peking University - forced to resign in 1919 First General Secretary of CCP - 1927 Disagreed with Mao (workers vs peasants) An example of “deviation” from Marxist orthodoxy - 100 Flowers Campaign - never forgive anti-Maoist

Li Dazhao 1888-1927 Intellectual and co-founder of CCP Active in New Culture Movement As Librarian of Peking University, influential in May 4th Movement Influenced by Soviet Bolshevik ideas Believed in the importance of the peasantry in any future revolution Cooperated with the KMT Arrested, tried and executed by warlord Zhang Zuolin in 1928

Zhang Zongchang 1881-1932 Shandong Warlord known as the “Dogmeat General” Highly capable warlord general Used white-Russians to bolster his army Conquered Shanghai and Nanjing in the 1920’s Defeated in Northern Expedition Fled to Manchuria and then Japan Shot Prince Xiankai Assassinated in Shandong in 1932

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) 1887-1975 Military leader and President of China 1927 - established national government in Nanjing Known as the “Red General” which was ironic given his treatment of CCP Also known as General “Cash my check” Author of the Shanghai Massacre and White Terror Power base was in cities, Warlords and weakened CCP had the cities Hated the Communists and this influenced many of his policies Fled to Taiwan in 1949

Double Ten Revolution The Xinhai Revolution Response to the decline of the Qing Dynasty Inability to reform or modernise China Not one single uprising or revolution Wuchang Uprising 10 October 1911 Abdication of Emperor Puyi in February 1912 Aims were nationalism, republicanism, modernization and national unity CCP see it as the revolution that “freed the minds of the people” planting the “seed of republic” and the “pathway to the development of the future revolution”

Twenty One Demands 1915 Set of demands made by Japan against China Re-issued as 13 Demands, accepted by Yuan Shikai Plan to extend Japan’s political and economic influence over China Opposed by US and GB Japan got less than they wanted, but lost prestige and support Provoked Chinese nationalism The May 4th Movement

New Culture Movement 1910’s and 1920’s Reaction to the uncertainty of the Double Ten Revolution Seen as root of 1949 Revolution Developed in Beijing - Peking and Tsinghua Universities Called for a new Chinese culture and rejection of traditional Confucian values Political beliefs such as democratic and egalitarian values Viewed as a break with past - rejection of feudal mentality Influenced the founders of the CCP The CCP claims it fulfilled the “promise of the New Culture Movement”

May 4th Movement Anti-Imperialist, cultural and political movement Reaction to the Chinese government’s weak response to Treaty of Versailles Move towards political activism over cultural nationalism Challenged traditional values and norms University students crafted their resolutions Oppose granting of German concessions to Japan Raise awareness of China’s weakness Creation of a Beijing Student Union Organise a protest against the government Protests spread across China - strikes - economically crippling Mao identified it as a “stage leading to revolution.” Recognised as a significant turning point in Chinese history - radicalised intellectuals who then mobilized peasants and workers