2-27-13 #14 Eq- How was Rome able to become a major empire from its humble beginnings as a small village of Latin's in central Europe? TIH- On this day in 1827, a group of masked and costumed students dance through the streets of New Orleans, Louisiana, marking the beginning of the city's famous Mardi Gras celebrations. What is your favorite holiday and explain why?

Rome: From Village to Empire

c. 750 BCE: Latins (tribe) settle what becomes Rome 753 B.C. – legend says that Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus (Latins) c. 750 BCE: Latins (tribe) settle what becomes Rome

Latin's 1500- 1000 b.c Spoke Latin they were herders Lived in settlements at the top of Rome's hills After 800 b.c. Greeks and Etruscans began settling Greeks big influence on Rome occupied Sicily should them architecture, how to make wine and religion

See Rome Expand!

Let’s Talk Topography and Geography Long peninsula shaped like a boot. The Po is the principal river on the peninsula. It flows from the Alps in the west and crosses the Padan plain before emptying into the Adriatic Sea. Appenine Mountains traverse entire peninsula north to south. Also, the Alps form Italy’s northern boundary. Let’s Talk Topography and Geography peninsula mountains rivers

Etruscans Biggest impact on Early Rome 650 b.c. they turned Rome into a city New dress- toga and short cloak started an army 509 b.c Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and established a REPUBLIC. NO MONARCH or KING, some citizens have the right to vote

Rome is west of Apennines Mts: more fertile land & river access At the confluence of Aniene and Tiber Rivers. Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River near the center of the Italian peninsula. Rome is west of Apennines Mts: more fertile land & river access

Rome Geography- Italy is a peninsula 750 miles wide, it has small mountain ranges but unlike Greece the mts are less rugged and did not divide the peninsula into small communities Italy also had more land for farming to support a larger population Tiber river was a route to the sea which made easy access for trade and navigation but still far enough inland to be safe from pirates

The early Romans were mostly… Typical Mediterranean climate makes farming convenient and ideal. farmers

Etruscans Conquer Rome… c. 600 BCE: Etruscans Conquer Rome… …Romans adopt Etruscan alphabet, art, gods, building techniques (including the arch) 3 groups battle for control of the Italian Peninsula – Latins, Greeks, Etruscans Etruscans native to northern Italy – skilled metalworkers and engineers 600 BC – an Etruscan became king of Rome – allowed Rome to grow from a collection of hilltop villages to a city that covered 500 square miles

…the Romans overthrew the Etruscans In 509 BCE... …the Romans overthrew the Etruscans Last Etruscan king was Tarquin the Proud – very harsh tyrant who was driven from power by the Romans Romans declare they will never be ruled again by a king – leads to the establishment of the REPUBLIC

It’s interesting to note that this was the precise time that we think of Greece as entering its Classical Era. Remember art/architecture and political developments (growth of democracy in Athens)

Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or participatory democracy, the Romans established a representative democracy, or, a REPUBLIC… Republic comes from the Latin phrase res publica (public affairs) Power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders …like we have today

Roman Social Structure in the Republic Patricians: wealthy landowners and office-holders Plebeians: farmers, artisans, traders…could vote but not hold political office Patricians and Plebeians struggled for power. Plebeians outnumbered Patricians. Slaves: mostly prisoners of war…not citizens…no rights

Politics Patricians- wealthy landowners and became the ruling class Plebeians- Crafts people, farmers and merchants Men in both groups could vote but only Patricians could be in office Consuls/preators - executive officers, 2 chosen every year to run the government. Other officials had special duties

Rome continued Roman senate- a select group of about 300 patricians who served life terms. At first all they did was advise officials but by the 3rd century they began to enforce laws Plebeians and patricians had conflicts they were forbidden to marry each other. Plebian did not like this because they thought the deserved both political and social equality because they were soldiers.

Roman Religion Polytheistic: belief in more than one god Absorbed gods of others…including the Greeks Most important Roman gods/goddesses were Jupiter (father of gods), Juno (watched over women) & Minerva (goddess of wisdom & arts) In time, worship of emperors also became part of the official religion of Rome. Lots of public festivals

Roman Women Educated just like boys Could NOT vote, but could testify in court Gained property rights More influence in family than Greek women

THE TWELVE TABLES 451 BCE: First Roman Law Code TWELVE carved stone tablets (Take that, Moses!) Big victory for the plebeians. Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had the right to the protection of the law.

Law CODE of laws- Twelve tables adopted in 450 b.c that was a code for simple farmers and proved later to not be very useful as Roman society developed. Law of Nations- natural law or universal law standards of Justice that applied to all people. Innocent until proven guilty, having a judge weigh the evidence

2-28-13 TIH – 2-28-1957 Cambridge University scientists James D. Watson and Frances H.C. Crick announce that they have determined the double-helix structure of DNA, the molecule containing human genes. What types of things are DNA used for today, how has this discovery transformed science?

Gradually, the Romans began to expand their control…

Romans Romans wanted to expand across the sea into Africa. The Phoenicians founded carthage round 800 B.c.. Carthage was a large trading empire because of its location and expanded along the entire NE coast of Africa and ROME WANTED IT!!! 264 Rome goes to war with carthage in the FIRST PUNIC WAR. Romans were fearful because they did not know the land or the seas where the fighting took place. Rome builds a navy, realizing they could not win without one. ROME WINS 241 B.c. Sicily now belongs to Rome

Round 2 Carthage wanted revenge and so they added new lands in Spain to their territories. The Romans encourage one of Carthages allies to Revolt against Carthage> Hannibal and his men say NO WAY and struck back starting the 2nd Punic War Hannibal brings the war to Rome crossing the Alps with 46000 men lots of horses and 37 elephants. The Alps were very harsh, most elephants did not survive. 216 b.c The Romans make the mistake of meeting Hannibal head on and at cannae the Romans lose more than 40,000 men

Cont… So the Romans still refuse to surrender and raise another Army eventually getting their strength back By 202 b.c. at Zama the Romans crush Hannibal nd his army ending the 2nd Punic War By 146 b.c Carthage was destroyed for 10 days Romans burned and demolished the city the people were sold into slavery. By 129 Macedonia, Greece and other provinces were under Roman Control.

…until they had conquered the entire Italian peninsula …until they had conquered the entire Italian peninsula plus the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily

As they expanded their control… …the Romans built an excellent network of roads Roads were initially built by and for the military, but helped with trade and communication at large as the republic and then empire grew.

Here’s how they built them:

Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements Why do you think they built them?

Right! The Roman Road System Allowed easy military transport Enabled trade and commerce Helped unify expanding Roman territories

Back to Roman expansion…who do you think would be a likely rival for control of the Mediterranean Sea?

Right again! Carthage!!

Between 264-146 BCE the Romans fought three wars with Carthage, known as the Punic Wars. 264-146 BC – control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean 218-202 BC – Hannibal attempts to law seize to Rome – loses ½ men and most of his elephants AND then Roman general Scipio attacks Carthage (or close by…Zama) and defeats Hannibal, who commits suicide instead of being captured. 149-146 BC – Rome laid siege to Carthage – city set to fire and its 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery – territory was made a Roman province

Rome won…and went on to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean world. By 70 BC, Rome’s Mediterranean empire spread from Anatolia in the east to Spain in the west.

The period 27 BCE-180 AD (the last two maps) is known as the: PAX ROMANA Pax Romana = Roman Peace This was a time of great peace and prosperity for the Roman empire (included 3 million square miles and population was 60-80 million, with 1 million in Rome)

During this period: Romans thought they were the entire civilized world Rome enjoyed military dominance The population of the city of Rome reached 1 million Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources into Rome The arts flourished

the influence of Greek culture upon the Romans Well, that’s it for our quick overview of Rome’s journey from small village to huge empire. Over the next few weeks we will concentrate on the following: the influence of Greek culture upon the Romans Roman contributions to politics, technology and the arts Influence of Greeks upon the Romans left a legacy of Greco-Roman culture the rise of Christianity within the Roman Empire reasons for the decline and collapse of the Empire

Gallery of famous Romans Marc Antony with Egyptian Queen Cleopatra (Hollywood style) Octavian (“Augustus”) Julius Caesar

3-1-13 #15 TIH- 3-1-1692- SALEM WITCH HUINTS BEGIN. Women charged with the illegal practice of witchcraft. Why do you think people are sometimes scared of what they don’t understand?

Review 1. Why was Hannibal able to be successful on the battle field? Provide examples. 2. What are some reasons why Carthage and Rome had never fought until the Punic Wars, why not before then? 3. How was Carthage able to end the fighting during the First Punic War? 4. What does the text suggest on why the 2nd Punic war occurred? 5. Explain why it might have not been such a good idea for Hannibal to take the route he did in attacking Rome? 6. What were the initial peace terms between Carthage and Rome after the 2nd Punic war and did they change if so how and why? 7. T or F- Hannibal was caught eventually by the Romans and executed 8. List 5 Geographic features of Italy and explain why Rome was a good place for people to form a civilization? 9. Explain the difference between a patrician and a plebeian? 10. Explain the significance of the twelve tables of Rome? What are they and how did they impact society?

Exit Slip 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.