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An American Empire In defeating Spain, the United States acquired an overseas empire. Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, President McKinley added the Platt Amendment to their Constitution. This amendment made Cuba an American protectorate, and remained in effect until 1934. It stated that the US would interfere in Cuba if it needed to Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico. Guam also became a US territory. The debate over Puerto Rico’s status continues today. Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) When deciding whether or not to annex the Philippines, the United States faced a difficult choice—remain true to its republican ideals or become an imperial power that ruled a foreign country without the consent of its people. President McKinley ultimately decided to annex the islands. On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) Sources Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) The Philippine-American war, or Philippine Insurrection, lasted for more than three years. To fight the guerrillas, the U.S. military adopted many of the same policies that America had condemned Spain for using in Cuba. The first U.S. civilian governor of the islands, William Howard Taft, slowly reduced Filipino hostility through his reforms. Section 2

An American Empire (cont.) On July 4, 1902, the United States declared the war over. By the mid-1930s, Filipinos were permitted to elect their own congress and president. Finally, in 1946, the United States granted independence to the Philippines. Section 2

Roosevelt’s Diplomacy Presidents Roosevelt and Taft continued to support a policy of expanding Unites States influence in foreign countries. Section 3

Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.) After President McKinley was assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt took over the presidency. He favored increasing American power on the world stage. For his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. Great White Fleet Section 3

Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.) TR’s diplomacy was summed up by an African proverb: “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Great White Fleet Section 3

TR Panama Canal Video

The Monroe Doctrine 1823 Europe: Keep Out! Section 3

The Roosevelt Corollary Early 1900s, US became concerned about the money Latin American countries owed European banks 1902 Germany, Britain and France blockaded Venezuela's ports in order to make V pay its debts To address the problem of European powers exploiting Latin American debt, Roosevelt gave an address to Congress known as the Roosevelt Corollary. Section 3

Roosevelt Corollary goal = stop letting European powers use money as an excuse

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William Howard Taft Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, believed that if American business leaders supported Latin America development, everyone would benefit. Taft’s policy came to be called dollar diplomacy. The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy, 1903–1934 Section 3

Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.) Administration officials also worked hard to replace European loans with loans from American banks in order to avoid European intervention in Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy, 1903–1934 Section 3

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico Wilson believed in “moral diplomacy” and tried to encourage democracy in Latin America. Section 3

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico (cont.) In 1911, widespread discontent in Mexico erupted into revolution. Francisco Madero, a reformer who appeared to support democracy, constitutional government, and land reform, led the revolution. In February 1913, General Victoriano Huerta murdered Madero and seized power. Section 3

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico (cont.) Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the new government. In April 1914, American sailors visiting the city of Tampico were arrested after entering a restricted area. Although they were released, Wilson saw Mexico’s refusal to apologize as an opportunity to overthrow Huerta. Section 3

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico (cont.) Venustiano Carranza became Mexico’s president, but Mexican forces were not appeased. In March 1916, Pancho Villa and a group of guerrillas burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 16 Americans. Wilson sent 6,000 troops under General John J. Pershing to capture Villa, but later recalled them. Section 3

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico (cont.) During Wilson’s presidency, his hope of leading the world by moral example was not realized. Section 3

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Wilson was hoping not to deal with which issue while in office? A. Foreign affairs B. Domestic policy C. The economy D. Education A B C D Section 3

Section 3-End

Causes of American Imperialism The United States wanted new markets for its products, particularly its manufactured goods. Many Americans believed it was the destiny of the United States to spread its power and civilization to other parts of the world. American leaders believed that having a powerful navy and controlling trade were key to being a world power. VS 1

Effects of the Spanish-American War Cuba officially became an independent nation, although the United States claimed control over its foreign relations and exerted influence over internal politics. The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Americans debated the morality and wisdom of becoming an imperial nation. The United States fought a three-year war to secure control over the Philippines. VS 2

The United States Acts As a World Power The United States used diplomatic means to establish the Open Door policy in China. President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a peace agreement between Russia and Japan. The United States completed construction of the Panama Canal. The United States intervened; with the intent to provide stability, in the affairs of several Caribbean nations. The United States twice intervened in the lengthy Mexican Revolution. VS 3

VS-End

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imperialism  the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation Vocab1

protectorate  a country that is technically independent but is actually under the control of another country Vocab2

expansion  the act or process of increasing or enlarging the extent, number, volume, or scope Vocab3

conference  a meeting of two or more persons for discussing matters of common concern Vocab4

yellow journalism  type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers Vocab5

autonomy  the quality or state of being self-governing Vocab6

jingoism extreme nationalism marked by aggressive foreign policy Vocab7

intervene  to get involved in the affairs of another Vocab8

volunteer one who offers service willingly Vocab9

sphere of influence  section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers Vocab10

Open Door policy  a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence Vocab11

dollar diplomacy  a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad Vocab12

guerrilla  member of an armed band that carries out surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare Vocab13

access  freedom or ability to obtain or make use of Vocab14

tension act of stretching; stiffness; mental strain Vocab15

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