Public Administration Fundamentals of Public Administration MPA - 406 Lecture - 15 FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood

Reflections Conflict Why do we have Conflicts in organizations with a particular reference to public sector of Pakistan? Traditional Theory of Conflict Modern Theory of Conflict How to manage Conflict

Organization What is Organizing: Organizing means that there should be clear line of authority and all should know who reports to whom.

Organization Following are the main steps in organizing: Classification of activities: First all activities in organization must be classified i.e. activities similar in nature should be identified separately. 2) Grouping of activities to achieve objectives: Similar activities should be grouped. 3) Assigning a manager to each group of activities: A manager should be assigned. 4) Coordination of group of activities both horizontally and vertically: Coordination means the interrelationship among activities.

Organization Organization Organization means a formalized intentional structure of roles and positions. Here we refer to organization as a structure in which people work. e.g., school is an organization.

Organization Organizational Roles Organizational roles are the part or position that a person is assigned in the organization For example, the role of manager sales or your role as a student. People will cooperate effectively in organizations if they know the part they have to play in the organizations i.e. if they know their roles in the organization

Organization Following are the requirement of organizational goals: Clear objectives: People must know the objectives that they have to achieve clearly, student must know their objectives. 2. Clear idea of duties or activities: People must know their duties and activities that they must perform. E.g., student duties are to study, be disciplined 3. Clear area of authority: In organizations, people must know the extent of authority that they have.

Organization Types of Organization Organizations can be categorized into following types: 1. Formal Organizations 2. Informal Organizations Formal Organizations Formal organizations mean the intentional structure of roles in a formally organized enterprise. The structures are created by people to achieve certain defined goals. The formal organizations could be hospitals, schools, Water and Power Development authority (WAPDA).

Organization Informal Organizations A network of personal and social relations not established or required by the formal organization but arising spontaneously as people associate with each other is called informal organization. The example of informal organization is friendship within the organization amongst people working at various levels.

Organization Organizational Levels and Span of Management Organizational levels exist because there is a limit to the number of persons a manager can supervise effectively, even though this limit varies depending on situations. Organizational span, therefore, means the number of people a manager can supervise. It is generally believed that a number of people that a manager can effectively supervise are between 7 and 10 but this is not a principle.

Organization Principle of Span of Control There is a limit to the number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise, but the exact number will depend on the impact of the following: Factors Determining an Effective Span Training of subordinates: The more trained and experience the employees, the less supervision they require, and therefore, the manager can supervise more employees.

Organization Clear delegation of authority: Delegation of authority means to give part of authority to subordinate. Thus, if managers can delegate authority clear to each subordinate being supervised; more employees can be brought under supervision. Clarity of plans: When the plans are clearly understood by the employees, the manager can supervise more people.

Organization Department One way of grouping activities is establishing ‘department’. A department is a distinct area, division, or branch of organization over which manager has authority for performance of specified activities.

Organization Departmentalization Grouping activities and people into departments makes it possible to expand organizations to an indefinite degree. Types of Departmentalization By Number By Time By Function By Geography By Production By Customer

Departmentalization Departmentalization by simple numbers Departmentalization by number is done by putting people in group who are to perform the same duties. They are placed under supervision of a manager or supervisors. Example: Armies in old times, Unskilled labor in construction.

Departmentalization Departmentalization by time Departmentalization by time is done at operational or lower levels of organizations where activities are grouped together on the basis of time. Example: People working in shifts in steel company, hospitals etc.

Departmentalization Departmentalization by time - Advantages Departmentalization by time has two main advantages; These are: The usual timings of offices are eight hours, but if departmentalization is to be done beyond 8 hours, second shift or round the clock service can be provided. 2. Equipment can be used more often in shifts: The tools, equipment and physical facilities can be used to full capacity.

Departmentalization Departmentalization by time - Disadvantages: Lack of supervision: People working in shifts may not be supervised. 2. Increase of overtime rates: There may be increase in expenditure due to payment to workers in shift.

Departmentalization Advantages of Departmentalization by Function 1. It is logical reflection of functions: This is more common and logical way of grouping activities. 2. Maintains power of major functions: Certain functions in organization are more important as the main or core area. For example in universities the academic department will be major function.

Departmentalization Advantages of Departmentalization by Function 3. Simplifies training: Since people are grouped according to functional departmentalization, it becomes easier to provide training to employees in a particular functional area wise. 4. Tight control on the top: Each department head can exercise control over its own functional area.

Departmentalization Disadvantages of Departmentalization by Function 1. Reduces coordination among functions: Since employees work in respective department; therefore, coordination amongst various department is reduced. 2. Slow adaptation to changing environment: When people work for longtime in a department, they become use to with the working and their styles become rigid. For example a police officer style of working would be different from that of a teacher. Therefore, they are slow to changing environment. 3. Limits development of managers: Development of mangers is limited to a particular function only.

Departmentalization Departmentalization by Geography Activities of an organization in a given area or territory are grouped and assigned to a manager. Example: Electricity and gas is supplied by regional organizations, such as local electricity Supply Corporation, Sui Northern Gas Company and Sui Southern Gas Company.

Departmentalization Departmentalization – Advantages on the basis of geography: Emphasis on local market: The local markets can gain benefit as service is provided according to geography. It helps develop that market. 2. Improves coordination: Coordination within the geographical unit is better because all functional departments operate at the geographic region. 3. Face-to-face communication: There is better communication between the service provider and service receiver.

Departmentalization Disadvantages of departmentalization by the geography: 1. Problems of control: As the functions are dispersed, therefore control cannot be exercised effectively 2. Requires more human capital: from the above it is deduced that more people are required. 3. Makes maintenance more difficult: Maintenance of service become difficult.

Departmentalization Customer Departmentalization It is grouping of activities so that these reflect primary interest of the customers in a variety of organizations. Customer departmentalization is usually found in banking sector but there could be other organizations that may have customer departmentalization.

Departmentalization Customer Departmentalization – Advantages: Encourages concentration on customer needs 2. The focus is on customer satisfaction 3. The staff develops expertise in customer area.

Departmentalization Departments by Product Grouping of activities on the basis of the products or the product lines of an organization is known as departmentalization by production or product. Some times organization may be producing more than one product or services. For example a firm may be producing soaps, detergents, toothpaste etc. So for each product it would have separate department.

Line & Staff Concept Line Concept Line functions are those that have direct impact on the accomplishment of the objectives of an organization. Example: policeperson controlling the mob Staff Concept Staff functions are those that help the line persons work most effectively in accomplishing the objectives. Example: A person managing the budget of the organization

The Art of Delegation Effective delegation does not occur in certain cases because managers are unwilling or unable to apply the principles of delegation. Much of the reason not to delegate is personal attitude towards delegation: 1. Receptiveness: It is the willingness of manager to give subordinates chance to make decision 2. Willingness to let go: Those managers who have risen up in position do not want to part with the decision that they made at lower level

The Art of Delegation 3. Willingness to let others make mistakes: Although no responsible managers would sit idle and watch the subordinates make mistakes. But if the cost of mistakes is not high it should be considered as investment in personal development 4. Willingness to trust subordinates: Superiors should trust subordinates that they can make decisions

Functional Authority It is the right that is delegated to an individual or a department to control specified processes, practices, policies, or other matters.

Conclusions

for your kind attention! Thank you for your kind attention! FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood