ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Francis G. Moria, MD, DPSP

Levels of the Hierarchy Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common function Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate and work closely together to accomplish a common purpose Organism: the highest level of structural organization

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body Anterior (ventral) Toward or at the front of the body Posterior (dorsal) Toward or at the backside of the body

Directional Terms Medial Toward or at the midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial Toward or at the body surface Deep Away from the body surface; more internal

Regional Terms Axial makes up the main axis of the body. consists of the head, neck, and trunk Appendicular consists of the appendages or limbs

Body Planes & Sections Sagittal section A cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body Divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal/Median section The cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

Body Planes & Sections Frontal section A cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts Also called a coronal section Transverse section A cut is made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts Also called a cross-section

Body Cavities DORSAL BODY CAVITY Has two subdivisions which are continuous with each other Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull Spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column

Body Cavities VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES Much larger than the dorsal cavity Contains all the structures in the chest and abdomen Two major subdivisions: Thoracic cavity: houses the lungs, heart and mediastinal structures Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, etc

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions