중간고사 10월 20일 화 범위 교과서 챕터와 논문 등 KLAS의 모든 READINGS Lecture PPT (10월15일까지) Format Multiple-choice + Short ID + Short Analysis Short ID 와 Short Analysis 답안은 분량이 제시됨

10월 15일 목요일 특강 “언론이 바라 본 한미관계와 동북아정세” 중앙일보 외교부 출입 최익재 기자님  중간고사 시험 범위 포함

American Politics This Week The First Democratic Presidential Debate in Las Vegas tonight Clinton about Clinton: TPP and others Sanders’ Big Moment (the biggest TV audience of his life) Republican Drama in the House of Representatives Kevin McCarthy gone Then, who? ________________?

How unique is the American presidency? I. the American presidency in comparative perspective parliamentary system vs. presidential system head of state (국가원수) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1wXEEQBHeQ vs. head of government (행정부 수반) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au2knz6nExI (5분, 28분 etc) Election process, governing dynamics, and power relations pure “American-style” presidential system anywhere outside US?

Executive Attributes Head of State vs. Head of Executive Chief executive Commander in chief Not from legislature United States Yes France Yes (?) Germany No Italy Japan Great Britain Canada Australia New Zealand

How unique is the American presidency? II. “Evolution” of presidential power “Evolution” is the key word describing the American prez From “no president” in the country’s first constitution (1781-1788) to the “imperial presidency” in the 1970s Constant struggles over constitutional interpretation of presidential power Ex) “stewardship” theory” by TR (Theodore Roosevelt) vs. “literalist” theory by William Howard Taft Shaped by wars and economic crises over time “American politics meets international relations.”

Presidential Power: Two Perspectives Theordore Roosevelt’s “Stewardship theory” (1913) The president represents all people and should be a steward of the people The president should be active in foreign and domestic policy Prerogative powers or autonomy and independence from other agencies for foreign-policy making “My belief was that it was not only the president’s right but his duty to do anything that he needs of the Nation required unless such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws.” (TR 1913)

Presidential Power: Two Perspectives William Howard Taft’s “Literalist theory” (1916) TR’s hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft, suggested the opposing view The president could not do anything that the Constitution or laws did not expressly permit. Also, president should not speak out publicly in defense of his policy “The president can exercise no power which cannot be fairly and reasonably traced to some specific grant of power. There is no undefined residuum of power which he can exercise because it seems to him to be in the public interest.” (Taft, 196)

How unique is the American presidency? III. Unique state of “studying” the presidency Traditional, insider, and qualitative:  maybe, too close to power? Quantitative approach  small n problem? (N = 1) Presidential Studies Quarterly  one of the most prominent and only scholarly journals that exclusively focus on the president of the United States (available from the KHU Library)

Presidential Power Presidential Power and Leadership Presidential power and democratic leadership Richard Neustadt (1960): presidential power as “power-to-persuade” The building blocks of presidential leadership: bully-pulpit power, institutional presidency, and agenda-setting power President and the media

Presidential Power: The First Debate The Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 by George Washington The Federalist Papers partnership of Madison and Hamilton broke up in the 1790s Washington’s second term: U.S. pressed to take sides in the breaking war between England and France Washington chose to issue a Neutrality Proclamation “Could he do so? Could the president choose such a course without congressional input?” Hamilton: this was a decidedly executive sphere and its duty to preserve Peace until war is declared Madison: proclamation was a change in policy equivalent to a new statute or peace treaty

Presidential Power Debate This debate has echoed throughout American history! Are there “inherent” presidential powers (“prerogatives”)? Reduced to its essence, the question is simple Is a president limited to the specific powers affirmatively listed in the Constitution? (Constitutionalist) OR Can he take whatever actions he deems in the public interest so long as those actions are not actually prohibited by the Constitution? (Presidentialist)

I. Presidential power is “power to persuade.” Richard Neustadt’s “power-to-persuade” (1960) Classical understanding of presidential power and praised by John F. Kennedy the core of presidential power: “persuasion” Successful uses of presidential power don’t come from the Constitution, but from the ability of the president to persuade. He must master the art of persuasion. have to make others think it is in their interest to do what the president wants, not because it is in the president’s interest.

Neustadt’s Propositions To be a leader, a president must have a will for power. The skill of a president is a necessary energizing factor. Sensitivity and solutions are critical. Persuade members of Congress to think that his requests are in their own best interests. Exploit events and crises to gain attention Don’t delegate the job of being chief politician to others. Popularity and public prestige produce favorable credit for a president. Even the most skillful of presidents should be flexible.

“Power-to-persuade” approach “power-to-persuade” are composed of … I. professional reputation the president’s standing “Inside the Beltway.” Influence will depend on the appraisals of those who would be influenced II. public prestige the president’s standing in the public (ex) “approval numbers”

Presidential Approval Ratings, 1946-2004 (Causes and Implications) Bush 41 LBJ Reagan Truman Ford Ike Bush 43 JFK Nixon Carter Clinton

Presidential Approval Ratings in Korea

Presidential Approval Ratings Why Disapproval Ratings Rise Over Time? Presidents can’t please everybody. (Polk) People only see their good points at first. (Carter) Presidents are scapegoats for our problems. (Van Buren) The job is too much for one individual. (Hoover) They make too many promises they can’t keep. (LBJ) Presidents often have to make unpopular decisions. (Truman) Presidents are not as powerful as people often think. (Wilson) People don’t always look at the overall record of a president. (Bush 41)

Presidential Power Presidential power as “power-to-persuade” Is this it? Is there any other explanation about presidential power?

II. “Unilateral” Presidential Power “Power Without Persuasion” (William Howell) Presidential power as “power-to-persuade” (Neustadt) vs. “power without persuasion” (Howell) “Presidential success in Congress” or “Presidential success versus or independent of Congress” Using his unique position within a system of separated powers, presidents increasingly take independent action without check or consent by Congress An essential characteristic of “modern” presidency Presidents simply set public policy and dare others to counter

Howell (2003, p.6): “Executive Orders”

“Unilateral” Presidential Power Two features of unilateral power (Howell 2003) 1. “First-move” advantage The president moves policy first and thereby places upon Congress and the courts the burden of revising a new political landscape Rather than waiting at the end of an extended legislative process to sign or veto a bill, the president simply sets new policy and leaves it up to Congress and the courts to respond The president creates legally binding public policies and does so even without ever having to wait on coalitions forming, committee chairs cooperating, or party leaders endorsing

“Unilateral” Presidential Power Two features of unilateral power (Howell 2003) 2. “Act alone” advantage The president acts alone and doesn’t need to rally majorities, compromise with adversaries, or wait for some interest group to bring a case to court Catching even his closest advisors off guard (ex: Clinton’s unilateral decision to bomb Iraq in the fall of 1998, the day before his scheduled impeachment hearing in the House Judiciary Committee; “wag the dog”) In this sense, Neustadt is turned upside-down, for unilateral action is the virtual antithesis of bargaining and persuading

Krutz and Peake (2006, p.395): Executive Agreements as a percentage of all international agreement by time period

Presidential Power Debates as “Power-to-Persuade” as “Power-without-Persuasion”