Unit 4: The Impact of Industrialization Ch. 8: Life in the Industrial Age 1800 – 1900 Section 3: Daily Life in the Late 1800s

Cities Grow and Change The Industrial City required Factories Large workforce Transportation network Warehouses Office buildings & stores Cities tended to specialize in certain industries Lowell, MA – textiles Pittsburgh, PA – steel Chicago, IL – meatpacking Cities of this time were noisy, busy, crowded, and dirty Sanitation, pollution, housing, safety issues

Migration to the Cities “Push” factors Escape hunger, political unrest, religious persecution, the law “Pull” factors Opportunity, jobs, land, freedom, family Cities of this period were diverse places Many different nationalities, languages, religions, customs, cultures In 1890, NY City was 42% foreign-born Life was difficult in tenement slums with little support and people looking to exploit your vulnerability

The Livable City Reforms eventually improved life Water & sewer systems (indoor plumbing) Fire & Police departments Public Health departments Electricity -improved life and made streets safer Skyscrapers -built to house more people in less space Subways -constructed in larger cities to lessen congestion Parks- developed to provide city-dwellers some breaks from the crowded streets Suburbs- allowed people to live in quieter countryside and commute to city for work

Education and Information Public education established to Develop an educated workforce & informed citizens By 1870, laws passed to fund education for all children in western Europe and U.S. Vocational schools established to help working-class kids Education opportunity lagged behind for lower class & women Eventually, women’s colleges were formed Newspapers became impt. part of city life Expanded coverage to include comics, sports, political cartoons, and weekly fictional serials Telegraph made foreign news available as well

Leisure Time Leisure time increased and led to new types of entertainment Professional sports Resort vacations Amusement parks Concert Halls Theatres Museums Libraries

Changes in the Arts Romanticism (early 1800s) Reaction to Romanticism Realism (mid- 1800s) Reaction to Enlightenment Emphasizes emotion and feeling Characteristics Respect of nature Value of the individual Importance of imagination Artists Wm. Wordsworth (poet) Ralph Waldo Emerson (writer) Beethoven (composer) Reaction to Romanticism Emphasizes details of everyday life (often unpleasant) Characteristics Focus on lower classes Seamy/corrupt side of urban life Social inequalities in life Artists Charles Dickens (novelist) Leo Tolstoy (novelist) Ashcan School (artists - U.S.)

Examples of Art, 1800s Romanticism Realism

Impressionism Last half of 19th Century Began in France as “revolt” against accepted standards of painting Emphasizes use of light, vivid color, and sense of motion Characteristics Outdoor settings Light, weather, & atmosphere (impression rather than realistic look) Visible brushstrokes Artists Renoir, Monet, Sisley (painters) Claude Debussy (composer)

Examples of Impressionism