©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor: Internet connection is required to access media assets. No connection? Request a CD/DVD for Wiley owned CyberPsych assets. The following Media-Enriched PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 8 in Visualizing Psychology. Before presenting these slides, delete all instructor information slides by pressing “delete” on your keyboard. These slides also include links to simulations, animations, and resources on the World Wide Web (www). Please return to this Instructor Companion Site for frequent updates and replacements of broken links. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Animations are Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The animations are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Psychology in the News Video Clips are also Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The video clips are indicated by this icon: ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor (Continued): If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under “design” and select an alternative template. To further personalize and enrich your presentation, check the Visualizing Psychology Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/carpenter for supplemental figures, tables, key terms, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor (Continued): Each topic on the Lecture Outline slide (#6) has been linked for your convenience. When in “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Finally, the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon , which will return you to the original Lecture Outline slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of an enriched PowerPoint presentation. Enjoy! ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Thinking Language Intelligence The Intelligence Controversy ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Chapter Introduction Thinking, language, and intelligence are often studied under the larger topic of cognition (mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Thinking Cognitive building blocks Thinking processes are distributed throughout the brain, especially the frontal lobe. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Cognitive Building Blocks Mental Image: mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Cognitive Building Blocks (Concepts) Concepts: mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics How do we learn concepts? a. Artificial concepts--formed by logical, specific rules b. Natural concepts/prototypes--formed by everyday life experiences c. Hierarchies--group concepts into subcategories within broader categories ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review How is this child learning the concept of “footsteps”? Is it an artificial concept, a natural concept, or a hierarchy? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Cognitive Building Blocks An Example of Prototypes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Cognitive Building Blocks An Example of Hierarchies ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Problem Solving Step 1: Preparation—identifying, separating, and defining Step 2: Production—generating possible solutions (hypotheses) by using algorithms and heuristics Step 3: Evaluation—judging hypotheses in Step 2 against the criteria in Step 1 ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking – Problem Solving (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving 1. Mental Set: persistence in using strategies that have worked in the past Using no more than four lines, can you connect all nine dots without lifting your pencil from the paper? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Mental Sets Continued) To overcome a mental set you must “think outside the box”— literally! ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving Functional Fixedness: thinking of an object as only functioning in its usual way ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving Confirmation Bias: preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence Availability Heuristic: judging the likelihood of an event based on how readily available other instances are in memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving Representativeness Heuristic: estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match (or represent) a previous prototype ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review Overestimating the dangers of flying is an example of the availability heuristic or the representativeness heuristic? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Thinking—Creativity Creativity :ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way Three elements of creativity: Originality Fluency Flexibility ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology Thinking—Creativity Divergent Thinking: ability to produce many alternatives or ideas; linked to creativity (e.g., reordering the letters “grevenidt” to form many new words) Convergent Thinking: attempting to find one correct answer; linked to conventional, non-creative thinking (e.g., 2 + 2 = ?) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman:Visualizing Psychology