The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science Effective Physical Security Fourth Edition The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 June 2018 Chapter 10 Alarms: Intrusion Detection Systems Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarms Factors in selecting proper alarm system: Threat or risk Type of sensors needed Methods available to provide level of protection needed Method of alarm signal transmission #10 Alarms: Intrusion Detection Systems Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarms Variety of methods to provide protection. Combination in thousands Intruder detection system may deter intruder Primary function of alarm system—signal presence of intruder May be supplemented with security personnel and other security mechanisms Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm System Components Perimeter Protection: First line of defense in detecting intruders Sensing devices on: Doors Windows Vents Skylights Any other openings Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm System Components More than 80% of all break-in occur in those entrances. Major advantage—simple design Major disadvantage—protects only openings Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm System Components Other components: Door switches Glass break detectors Wooden screens Window screens Lace and panels Interior sensors Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection Devices to protect interior spaces Protect against intrusion whether or not perimeter protection was violated Effective against: A stay-behind intruder Intruder who cuts through roofs or breaks through a block wall Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection Only a part of complete alarm system Should be supplemented by perimeter protection Advantage—highly sensitive, invisible means of detection Disadvantage—improper application or installation can cause frequent false alarms Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Photoelectric eyes (beams) Transmit beam across protected area When interrupted, alarm is activated Invisible to naked eye Can be used outdoors Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Ultrasonics (rarely used today) Work on low-frequency sound wave Coverage area from 5 to 20 feet Pattern volumetric and cannot be aimed Pattern can be directed by deflectors Work on change in frequency, Doppler effect Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Ultrasonics (con’t) Motion detector has two transducers If intrude moves toward or away from unit, change in reflected frequency signals alarms Stand-alone unit—compares reflected signal Master system—sends signal back to main processing unit False alarms from: Motion Noise Radio or electrical interference Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Ultrasonics (con’t) Grounding and shielding important in a master system Ground wire length be short as possible Potential problems: Turbulence and draft, hanging displays Noise from air hissing, bells, and telephones Temperature/humidity affects range of unit Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Microwave—volumetric type of space protection, based on Doppler shift Use radiated RF electromagnetic field Frequency range between 0.2 and 300 GHz Motion creates change in frequency, triggering alarm Penetrates most objects and reflects off metal. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Microwave (con’t) Vibration an important consideration Must be mounted on firm surface Do not mount two microwave units with identical frequencies in same room or area Cause false alarms Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Microwave (con’t) Draw excessive current Take into account proper guage of wire and length of wire Take current readings at end of installation or while troubleshooting Fluorescent lights may be problematic. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Microwaves (con’t) Potential problems Vibration/movement of mounting surfaces Reflection/pattern of movement of metal objects Penetration of thin walls or glass RFI, radar, AC line transients problematic Water movement in plastic/PVC storm drains may interfere Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Passive infrared motion detectors Passive sensors—do not transmit signal for intruder to disturb PIRs detect change in thermal energy pattern Field of view must end on an object rather than mid-air Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Passive infrared motion detectors (con’t) Potential problems: Turbulence causing rapid temperature change Stray motion Changing temperatures causing false alarms Lightning/bright lights Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Pressure mats Mechanical switches Backup system to perimeter protection Hidden under carpet in front of target or in hallways Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Sound sensors Pick up noise created during break-in Consist of microphone and electronic amplifier/processor Sound level increasing beyond normal limit signals an alarm May have pulse-counting and time-interval features Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Dual-technology sensors Combination of two types of space-protection devices Both must be tripped at same time to set off alarm Combination of: Passive/microwave Passive ultrasonic Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Used in areas that may have potential false alarm problems with single-tech units More to consider with two techs Draw more current If one section of unit stopped working, unit was inoperable (more a problem in the past) If one unit section continuously in an alarm condition, dual-tech is worthless. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Types Interior sensors Active or passive Covert or visible Volumetric or line applications Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. False Alarms Reasons for false alarms: Lack of education on how to enter and exit the complex Weather Equipment failure Installation problems Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Application Not necessary to cover every inch Best placement—a trap in high-traffic afrea or protection for high-value area Do not overextend protected area Ensure adequate power Adjust for pets and brief customers Walk-test all units and mask out areas Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area/Space Protection—Application Zoning an important consideration: Do not place two interior devices in one zone Causes false alarms Breaking up interior protective circuits as much as possible—better chance of solving false alarms Helps with troubleshooting Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Object/Spot Detection Detects activity/presence of intruder in a single location Direct security for objects Final stage of in-depth protection system Most frequently protected items: Safes and filing cabinets Art objects and statues Expensive equpment Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Object/Spot Protection Capacitance/proximity detectors Object electronically linked to alarm control When approached or touched, the electrostatic field is unbalanced Alarm is initiated. Only works with metal objects Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Object/Spot Protection Vibration detectors Use specialized microphone, electronic vibration detector (EVD) Attached directly to object being protected Sends alarm only when object is moved Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarm Control Sensing devices wired into alarm control panel Type of control panel depends on overall system Some provide zoning capabilities for separate annunciation. Others provide low-voltage electrical power for sensing devices. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarm Control Backup or standby power for control panel Batteries—often rechargeable to maintain full power Modern control panels—one or more microprocessors Allows panel to send and receive digital information Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarm Control Alphanumeric pad to display zone info Each user can have unique code Restriction during specified times or access to certain areas Track activity Transmit information off-site Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarm Control If control panel is connected to a central monitoring station: Turning system on and off is recorded and logged. If during prearranged time—normal opening Other times– police dispatched Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarm Control Tamper protection Generates alarm signal when system is compromised Can be designed in any part of alarm system Control panel Sensing devices Loop wiring Alarm transmission facilities Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission/Signaling Type used depends on: Location of business or residence Frequency of police patrols Affordability Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission/Signaling Types of alarm signaling systems in use: Local alarm Bell or light indicates intrusion Success relies on hearing or seeing alarm and calling authorities Notifies burglars they have been spotted Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission/Signaling Central station system Alarm signal transmitted to a central station Trained operators on duty 24 hours a day Police dispatched and alarm company guard (if available) Thorough documentation Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Direct wire systems Generally for high-risk locations Dedicated phone line from protected premises to central station or police station Fixed DC current from central station to premises, read on meter at the station Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Direct wire system (con’t) Advantage—problem can be traced quickly to specific alarm system Makes compromise by burglar more difficult Disadvantages—higher cost of leased telephone lines More distance, more cost Problems in transmission Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Circuit (party line) systems Several customers share transmission system Defrays cost May be as many as 15 to a single receiving panel Each alarm has distinctive code Advantage Lower costs Disadvantage More difficult to locate problems on the line; taking longer to fix the problem Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Multiplex system Designed to reduce leased telephone line charges Provides higher degree of line security than circuit-loop alarms Introduce data processing to system Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Digital communicators Computer-based alarm transmission equipment Sends signal through regular switch line phone network Signal a series of coded electronic pulses that is received only on a computer terminal Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Telephone dialer Dialer delivers a prerecorded verbal message when an alarm is activated. Modern versions solved problems of: Most of message played before police answered phone Knew a signal was sent, but not from where. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Radio signal transmission Sends alarm signal from protected premises via radio or cell phone to central station/police dispatch center Can be received in police patrol car Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Transmission Types to Central Station Video verification Video images sent to central station along with alarm transmissions Higher level of protection Eliminates false alarms Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alarms Deter Crime National Crime Prevention Institute—alarm systems as best available crime deterrent Crisis prevention duties of alarm firms Monitoring sprinkler systems and fire sensors Monitoring temperature levels Supervising industrial processes Deterrence a specialized art Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. False Alarms Alarm systems prevent crime Most effective and economical crime prevention tool available False alarms erode effectiveness of alarm systems Costly to already budget-strapped alarm companies and police Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. False Alarms NBFAA survey listed as a major need: Comprehensive program to reduce false alarms Many members already researching problem Police responses: Written letters Follow-up visits Some assessing false alarm fines after other steps have failed Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Equipment Overhaul Alarm station did a major overhaul Begins with false alarm inventory Subscribers with four or more false alarms weeded out Alarm systems replaced for those subscribers New sensors, batteries, wiring, soldering Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alarm Equipment Overhaul NBFAA member companies Training programs for personnel Subscribers education on systems operation three times: Salespeople Installers Supervisors Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Additional Resources NBFAA quality control manual: False Alarm Handbook Determine false alarm rates and causes Evaluation committee Equipment testing procedures Equipment training facilities How to plan and install alarms Sensor zoning procedures Inspect installations Educate subscriber Cooperate with local law enforcement Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.