CANCER

What is Cancer? Abnormal cells reproducing out of control.

Most Common Cancers in US Males: 1.) Prostate Cancer 2.) Lung Cancer 3.) Colon Cancer 4.) Bladder Cancer 5.) Melanoma’s of the skin Females: 1.) Breast Cancer 4.) Uterine Cancer 5.) Thyroid

http://www.sdcancerstats.org/

How common is cancer? Approximately 39.6% percent of men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their life. (down from 40.4%) https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics

The number of people living beyond a cancer diagnosis: 14.5 million in 2014 19 million by 2024. (estimated) https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics

In 2016, in the United States: *estimated 1,685,210 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed *estimated 595,690 people will die from the disease. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics

There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form Also may be described by the type of cell that formed them. 

Prefixes: Adeno - glands Hepato - liver Melano - dark Osteo - bone

Skin Cancers Occur when: unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells ultraviolet radiation from sunshine tanning beds triggers mutations, or genetic defects skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.

Skin Cancers Approximately 2,000,000 new cases per year Deaths less than 1000 plus most melanoma patients.

Carcinomas - Skin (may itch) - Surfaces of organs Ex. Stomach, liver, colon, skin, etc

Carcinomas Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Renal cell carcinoma

Carcinomas – surface cancers

Basal Cell Carcinoma This is the most common form of all cancers. It occurs in cells lining the deepest part of the skin's outer layer. Basal cell carcinomas often look like: Open sores Red patches Pink growths Shiny bumps or scars

Basal Cells

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Often shows up on the skin. Can also be found in other parts of the body, such as cells lining: Certain organs Digestive tract Respiratory tract Tends to grow and spread more than basal cell cancers. In rare cases, it may spread to the lymph nodes.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Melanoma Most dangerous form of skin cancer. Pigment producing melanocytes Resemble moles Mostly brown or black but can be pink, purple, or white. Kills an estimated 10,130 people in the US annually.

Melanoma

Sarcomas Rare cancer Grow in connective tissues Bone Cartilage Tendons Muscles Nerves Blood vessels More common in kids and young people

Sarcomas More than 50 types of sarcoma Grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma bone sarcoma, or osteosarcoma  12,000 cases of soft tissue sarcoma and 3,000 cases of bone sarcomas were seen in the U.S. in 2014.

Sarcoma Hard to spot Most often the first sign is a painless lump. No tests that can find these tumors before they cause symptoms that you notice. Early symptoms, including: Pain off and on in the affected bone, which may be worse at night Swelling, which often starts weeks after the pain A limp, if the sarcoma is in your leg

Lymphoma Immune System – (lymph glands) Most common in young people Type of white blood cell – lymphocytes Most common in young people Can be any age 2 Types Hodgkins B-cells and T-cells Non-hodgkins Abnormal type of B-cell, Reed-Sternberg cells How Lymphoma Develops

Leukemia Cancer of: Mainly affects the white blood cells. 2 types: bone marrow blood Mainly affects the white blood cells. Produce abnormal ones – don’t function properly 2 types: Acute – fast growing Chronic – slow growing Children under 15; adults over 55

TUMORS Malignant Benign BIOPSY confirms which one it is - Cancerous - Invade tissues and spread to other parts of the body (METASTASIS) Benign - Are NOT Cancerous - Usually self-encased and grow, but do not spread around the body. BIOPSY confirms which one it is

Cancer Cells

Angiogenesis

Hyperplasia

Metastasis

Detecting Cancer Radiation : X-Rays : CT Scans (CAT Scan) (Tomography) : Ultra Sounds : MRI Etc.

Lung Cancer X-Ray CT Scan

Ultrasound

TESTS TO DETECT PAP Mammograms PSA Colonoscopy Blood FOBT Urine Chromosome Test (BRCA gene) Sight Test (Dermatologist) Barium Enema Bone Scan

Upper G.I. (H. pylori)

PSA Prostate Specific Antigen - Produced by the Prostate Gland BLOOD TEST (Fairly Inexpensive) some insurances do not cover  - High numbers indicate possibility Verify by a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

Colonoscopy

PAP Test Also called a PAP Smear - Long Q-tip - Cells examined under the microscope - Other cells grown

FOBT Fecal Occult Blood Test - Used to detect Colon Cancer

Mammograms Used to detect Breast Cancer Males can get it too, just not as common BRCA Genes tumor suppressor genes Chromosome 17

Chromosome Tests Ex. BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 Genes Show the liklihood of additional breast cancer ONCOGENES = Genes that turn ON Cancer Tumor Suppressor Genes – Shut OFF Cancer

Colonoscopy Recommended by age 50 and then every 5 to 10 years later (Obamacare starts at 65) Can be done in clinics or hospital Costs & convenience & pain differences

CAUSES OF CANCER Tobacco Alcohol Drugs Air Pollution Water Pollution Chemicals Age Heredity Hyperplasia Hormones Carcinogens Diet Obesity Radiation – Including Radon Sunlight

STAGES OF CANCER STAGE I STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IV Some actually have a stage 0

PREVENTION: Avoid the causes Get tested Eat Healthy Exercise Vaccines (Hepatitus, HPV, +?) Gardasil

TREATMENTS CHEMO (Chemical Therapy) Radiation Surgery\Mastectomy\Lumpectomy Hysterectomy, etc. Bone Marrow transplants Stem Cells? Genetic Screening/Testing Clinical Trials Immunotherapy

Chemotherapy

Radiation

Radiation – pin point

Surgery

Cancer Cells