Intellectual Disabilities Ally Adler Kirstie Ayer Ashton Maher

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Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) is an organization that helps and provides services for people that have intellectual or cognitive disabilities. Intellectual disabilities are characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior within skills. It must originate before the age of 18. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities (continued) AAIDD has assumptions that are essential with the definition: The limitations must be aware when the individual is in their typical environment around their peers and culture. The assessments must consider the individuals culture and linguistic diversity and differences in their sensory, motor, communication, and behavioral skills. The limitations they have also coincide with their strengths. The necessity of making the limitations aware is to provide the proper supports for the individual. The life functioning of the individual with the proper supports will commonly improve. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities (continued) AAIDD allows for people to recognize two significant points: Adaptive behavior: social intelligence, the ability to understand and infer people and social connections, and practical intelligence, the ability to solve everyday problems, that people have learned help them function in their day to day lives. Being able to “read” people and their attitudes, and the ability of making meals, using the internet, and using a transportation system are skills that involve adaptive behavior. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities (continued) AAIDD allows for people to recognize two significant points: 2. People with Intellectual Disabilities can Improve: the functioning of all people can improve and some with mild disabilities can reach a level where they are no longer categorized as disabled. Supports, resources and tactics that aid the development, education, interests, and well-being, are also considered and directly related. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Where are children with intellectual disabilities educated In the U.S. General Education classes: supplementary aids and services “provide supports that may include instruction, personnel, equipment, or other accommodations that enable children with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled children to the maximum extent appropriate.” http://nichcy.org/disability/specific/intellectual#education

Educational Considerations & Strategies Educational programs vary from every child. Lesser degree of ID, than the focus is more on academic skills Greater degree of ID, than the focus is on the child’s self-help, community living, and occupational skills Functional academics: teaching the students practical skills instead of academic skills. Three features are apart of educational programming. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Educational Considerations & Strategies (continued) Three features are apart of educational programming Systematic instruction: teachers use instructional prompts that can be gestural, verbal, or physical, consequences for performance both positive and negative, and strategies for the transfer of stimulus control, constant time delay and progressive time delay. Instruction in real-life settings with real materials: it is easier for a teacher to teach in a classroom setting, so a teacher might start out with instruction in the classroom using worksheets or class activates, and then lead instruction in real-life situations. Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavioral Intervention and Support: FBA and PBIS are usually combined to reduce behaviors like screaming, biting, or hitting. The FBA focuses on the purpose, trigger, and setting events that the behavior occurs in. The PBIS finds ways to support desirable behavior with positive reinforcement. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Educational Considerations & Strategies (continued) Service delivery models: Special classes for children with ID is the norm, there are more students being placed in classrooms that are integrated. Class-wide peer tutoring has been shown to be an effective method to integrate classrooms with students that have intellectual disabilities. Students should be integrated with their peers whom have and do no have disabilities. Educators of special and general education should work together to make a plan that will help the student be successful. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Current events/trends “Social Security to Drop ‘Mental Retardation’”- Social Security Administration will start using the term “intellectual disability” instead of “mental retardation”. Diament, M. (2013, August 2). Social Security To Drop 'Mental Retardation' - Disability Scoop. Disability Scoop - Developmental Disability News. Retrieved October 5, 2013, from http://www.disabilityscoop.com/2013/08/02/social-security-drop/18437

Current Events/Trends “Woman With Down Syndrome Prevails in Guardianship Dispute”- A woman with down syndrome just won a court case against her mother and step father allowing her to live with her friends rather than living in a group home. “Advocates hailed the ruling as a victory for adults with disabilities.” Diament, M. (2013, August 5). Woman With Down Syndrome Prevails In Guardianship Dispute - Disability Scoop. Disability Scoop - Developmental Disability News. Retrieved October 5, 2013, from http://www.disabilityscoop.com/2013/08/05/woman-prevails-guardianship/18452

PRENATAL Definition: The time before birth CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS: “Any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellectual disabilities.” ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: Alcohol, smoking, etc. Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012)

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS DOWN SYNDROME FRAGIL X SYNDROME PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME WILLIAMS SYNDROME

DOWN SYNDROME KEEP CALM: IT’S ONLY AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME! AM I ROCKIN’ THIS EXTRA CHROMOSOME OR WHAT?!

Down syndrome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37xRCqBRrlI Downs is the most common genetic syndrome. It is also called trisomy 21 because the 21st chromosome has three rather than only having two. The physical characteristics that appear are hypotonia(decreased muscle tone), slanted appearing eyes, short stature, and a small oral cavity. Most fall in moderately disabled range. Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012).

Fragile x syndrome “This disorder is called Fragile X Syndrome because In affected individuals, the bottom of the X chromosome is pinched off in some of the blood cells.” Mostly occurs in males more than females Hereditary caused intellectual disability. The most commonly known and the 2nd most common syndrome only behind Down Syndrome. CHARACTERISTICS/PHYSICAL TRAITS: Learning disabilities, milder cognitive deficits Large heads; long, narrow face A prominent forehead; large, flat ears Large hands with nontapering fingers Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012).

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME Most inherit it from their father, it’s rarely inherited from the mother Two phases: Infants- always sleepy and do not like eating 1 year old to life- experience the urge to eat all of the time At risk for: obesity, short stature, heart defects, daytime drowsiness, sleep apnea, and scoliosis Range of intellectual disability varies, most are in the mild IQ rang, but some fall in the normal IQ range Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

WILLIAMS SYNDROME Caused by material missing on the 7th chromosome Mild to moderate rage of intellectual disabilities Characteristics: heart defects, facial features are elf like, strengths in spoken language and social skills, and weaknesses in reading, writing, math, and spatial organization. Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012) ENVIROMENTAL Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) A disorder that kids have when the mother of the child Consumes an excessive amount of alcohol. There are a a bunch of different physical features associated with this see picture - RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES) “A serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus.” Can cause the baby to be blind and/or have an intellectual disability. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) “A range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large Quantities of alcohol during pregnancy.” Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012)

PERINATAL HERPES SIMPLEX SYPHILIS LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) ANOXIA “A viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the later stages of the fetal development, it can cause mental sub normality in the Child.” SYPHILIS “A venereal disease that can cause mental sub normality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother- to-be during the latter stages of fetal development.” LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) “Babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds; usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, such as intellectual disabilities.” ANOXIA Deprivation of oxygen and because of the lack of oxygen it can cause brain injury. Hallahan, Kauffman, &Pullen, (2012)

POSTNATAL Intellectual disabilities that occur after birth Biological: infections, malnutrition, and toxins Meningitis- “an infection of the covering of the brain that may be caused by a variety of bacterial or viral agents” Encephalitis- “an inflammation of the brain, results more often in intellectual disabilities and usually affects intelligence more severely” Lead poisoning Psychosocial: poor environmental circumstances Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, (2012).

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SOURCES TEXTBOOK: PRENATAL MOTHER: DOWN SYNDROME BOY 1: Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2012). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (12th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. PRENATAL MOTHER: http://mypregnancysupport.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/prenatal.jpg DOWN SYNDROME BOY 1: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GvfH7IcTPqE/S8HgQ-2uR3I/AAAAAAAAATg/OvDH3UVK8LM/s400/Down-Syndrome-Child-3.jpg DOWN SYNDROME BOY: http://brian.carnell.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/keep-calm-chromosome.jpg DOWN SYNDROME GIRL: http://bobbiblogger.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/am-i.jpg

sources WILLIAMS SYNDROME: FRAGIL X CHILD: FAS : LBW CHILD: http://autism-support.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Fragile-X-Syndrome2.jpg WILLIAMS SYNDROME: http://whoneedswho.areavoices.com/2011/01/31/hello-world/ http://www.williams-syndrome.org/parent/first-steps-first-one-hundred-days FAS : http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/sites/default/files/files/styles/large/public/field/image/fasface.jpg LBW CHILD: http://www.womens-health-advice.com/assets/images/low-birth-weight.jpg