بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Prof. Tawfiq Al-Antary The University of Jordan School of Agriculture Plant Protection Department

Turkey 6th Plant Protection Congress with International Participation 5 to 8 September, 2016 in Konya- Turkey TOXICITY OF SIX ETHANOL PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST THE GREEN PEACH APHID MYZUS PERSICAE SULZER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) Hanna M. Madanat , Tawfiq M. Al Antary* and Musa H. Abu Zarqa *Prof of Pesticides and Economic Entomology

Introduction Use of pesticides

The green peach aphid

Plant extracts as a safe alternative to insecticides

Materials and Methods Host plant rearing The wooden cages for the green peach aphid rearing in the laboratory in Rabba Station (Karak).

Antennae converging for the green peach aphid (200X). Swallen siphunchuli at the middle (200X).

Collecting the plant materials Ricinus communis L. (Caster) (Euphorbiaceae) Solanum nigrum L. (Black night shade) (Solanaceae) Nerium oleander Mill (Oleander) (Apocynaceae) Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black locust) ( Fabaceae) Lantana camara L. (Wild sage) (Verbenaceae) Inula viscosa L. (Stink wort) (Asteraceae)

Plant extract preparation Plant leaves were dried out The leaves were finely grounded Stock solutions were prepared by mixing certain weight of each extract in certain volume of ethanol (see Table 1) Five concentrations were prepared by diluting certain volume of stock solution with distilled water Three replicates for each concentration were used

Ethanol extract used mg/ml Table (1): Concentrations of the plant extracts that were used in the toxicity assessment. Plant Ethanol extract used mg/ml R. communis 3.2 R. pseudoacacia 5.33 vescosa 13.0 S. nigrum 4.24 N. oleander 13.75 L. camara 20.0

Bioassay procedure 20 apterous aphid with sweet pepper disks in the prepared solution for 10 seconds to fluid LC50 and LC90 for each plant extract. Then placed in Petri dishes with moistened cotton (25 + 3) C and 35-65 RH% Screening tests Eight treatments (six ethanol extract plant + 1 positive control (Cypemethrin) + 1 negative control (diluted ethanol)

Five replicates for each treatment 3rd + 4th nymphal apterous instars were only considered 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment

Statistical analysis SPSS software ( version 20) was used to obtain LC50, LC90, 95% confidence limits and slope. Chi Square was used to separate between means

Results and Discussion

Table (2 ) : Comparative toxicity of ethanol extracts LC50 against Myzus persicae under laboratory conditions after 24 hours. Plant (Treatment) LC50* ppm 95% CL1 L.E.P.R2 Slope ± SE df. Chi-Square Ricinus communis 553 a 506-595 -13.45+4.9X 4.9 ± 0.46 10 7.577 Solanum nigrum 1371 c 1302-1437 -22.53+7.2X 7.2 ± 0.76 9 3.302 Neruim oleander 5615 e 5312-5920 -20.3+5.4X 5.4 ± 0.05 14.385 Robinia pseudoacacia 1150 b 1075-1223 -13.08+4.27X 4.27 ± 0.37 12 11.349 Lantana camara 6660 f 6206-7118 -15.85+4.15X 4.15 ± 0.47 7.543 Inula viscosa 3792 d 3613-3978 -23.05+6.44X 6.44 ± 0.61 13.203 1: 95% confidence limits for the LC50 or LC90 in ppm 2: L.E.P.R. line estimated by probit regression *: LC50 Or LC90 values having different letters are significantly different (95% CL didn't overlap) -SPSS program for probit analysis was used and chi square for means separation

Table (3) : Comparative toxicity of ethanol extracts LC90 against Myzus persicae under laboratory conditions after 24 hours Plant (Treatment) LC90* ppm 95% CL1 L.E.P.R2 Slope ± SE df. Chi-Square Ricinus communis 1010 a 927-1129 -13.45+4.9X 4.9 ± 0.46 10 7.577 Solanum nigrum 2067b 1917-2305 -22.53+7.2X 7.2 ± 0.76 9 3.302 Neruim oleander 9695d 8844-11004 -20.3+5.4X 5.4 ± 0.05 14.385 Robinia pseudoacacia 2293b 2066-2638 -13.08+4.27X 4.27 ± 0.37 12 11.349 Lantana camara 13571e 11851-16644 -15.85+4.15X 4.15 ± 0.47 7.543 Inula viscosa 5996 c 5514-6736 -23.05+6.44X 6.44 ± 0.61 13.203 1: 95% confidence limits for the LC50 or LC90 in ppm 2: L.E.P.R. line estimated by probit regression *: LC50 Or LC90 values having different letters are significantly different (95% CL didn't overlap) -SPSS program for probit analysis was used and chi square for means separation

Figure 1: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of R Figure 1: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of R. communis against the green peach aphid by using dipping method.

Figure 2: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of S Figure 2: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of S. nigrum against the green peach aphid by using dipping method.

Figure 3: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of N Figure 3: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of N. oleander against the green peach aphid by using dipping method.

Figure 4: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of R Figure 4: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of R. pseudoacacia against the green peach aphid by using dipping method.

Figure 5: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of L Figure 5: Log dosage-probit mortality line for ethanol extract of L. camara against the green peach aphid by using dipping method.

Average mortality ± S E * Table(4): Mortality rates of the green peach aphid caused by the plant extracts using ethanol . Average mortality ± S E * Plant (Treatment) After 72 hours After 48 hours After 24 hours 67.46±6.38 B 65.48±7.39 B 58.60± 6.5B Ricinus communis 57.42±8.28 BC 56.8±8.29 BC 28 54±7.0 C Solanum nigrum 49.32±2.69 C 46.96±2.38 C 25.20±5.43 C Neruim oleander 85.86±2.00A 83.3±2.37 A 76.46±1.69 A Robinia pseudoacacia 63.78±5.72 B 61.32±6.17 BC 55.44±8.34 B Lantana camara 60.32±4.87 BC 52.44±4.87 BC 37.22±4.85 C Inula viscosa 94.76±2.41 A 93.06±3.34 A 90.82±2.63 A Cypermethrin 8.8±1.82 D 3.84±1.10 D 3.24±3.25 D Control *Means in each column sharing the same letters don't differ significantly using LSD test at 5% level.

Conclusions The results for toxicity evaluations were significantly different compared to the control. Ethanol leaf extracts contain active substances that have the aphicidal activity against the aphid. The most toxic ethanol plant extract (Robinia pseudoacacia) could be used to control the aphid. The active toxic substances could be isolated and tested for further future studies .

Thank you