Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System– The BRAIN …

Basic Parts & Organization Ventricles Cerebrum Gross Anatomy Basics II. Brain OUTLINE Basic Parts & Organization Ventricles Cerebrum Gross Anatomy Basics Definitions 5 Lobes Sulci & Gyri 2. Cerebral Cortex Description General Concepts Motor Regions Sensory Regions Sensory Association Regions f. Multimodal Association Areas 3. White Matter Parts that connect the Hemispheres and other regions b. Tracts Medial Lemniscus 4. Subcortical Nuclei - Basal Nuclei … Cerebral Cortex Subcortical Nuclei White Matter

Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Brain Stem Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata F. Cranial Reflexes Cerebellum Functional Brain Systems Limbic System Reticular Activating System Circulation in the CNS Protection of the Brain Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood-Brain Barrier I. Circulation and the CNS K. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain– Disorders

ASSIGNMENT: This powerpoint should take about 2 class periods to finish. While reading Chapter 12 on the Brain fill in your notes for the items with the red asterisks Slides #5 - #26 are due on Wednesday 9-13 for both classes Slides #27 - #56 MW Class: Due on Monday 9-18 WF Class: Due on Friday 9-15

II. Brain Basic Parts & Organization 1. Main Parts *a. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) b. Diencephalon c. Brain stem *d. Cerebellum 2. Organization: *a. White & Grey Matter *b. Ventricles *c. Meninges

B. Ventricles (pp. 540-543) Continuous Connection: Brain … Continuous Connection: Cells Lined w/: Ependymal *Names: 2 of these. Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Inferior horn Interventricular foramen Lateral aperture Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal (a) Anterior view (b) Left lateral view

B. Ventricles … *KNOW HOW THEY ALL CONNECT Brain … *Interventricular Foramen: *Cerebral Aqueduct: Septum Pellucidum: *Lateral Apertures: *Medial Aperture: Lateral Apertures 2 of these. Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Inferior horn Interventricular foramen Lateral aperture Median Aperture Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal (a) Anterior view (b) Left lateral view

Left cerebral hemisphere Transverse cerebral fissure Brain stem Cerebellum (d) Figure 12.6d

Anterior Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe (c) Posterior

C. Cerebrum (pp. 524-529; 592-597; 599-601; ) 1. Gross Anatomy (pp. 524-527) a. Parts of Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral White Matter Basal Nuclei

*b. Five lobes & their General Functions Frontal Parietal Temporal C. Cerebrum … *b. Five lobes & their General Functions Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula (a)

C. Cerebrum … c. Sulci & Gyri *i) Definition do all bellow Location: Cerebral Hemispheres: Gyri = Sulci = Fissures: Grey Matter

ii) Specific Sulci & Gyri know positions of all below Central sulcus Post- & Precentral Gyri Longitudinal fissure Transverse cerebral fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Lateral sulcus Longitudinal Fissure Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons PLAY Animation: Rotatable brain Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

∙ *Parieto-occipital Sulcus ∙ Superior Temporal Gyrus ii) Specific Sulci & Gyri … ∙ *Lateral Sulcus ∙ *Parieto-occipital Sulcus ∙ Superior Temporal Gyrus - Auditory Calcarine Sulcus - in occipital Lobe, Visual area Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Superior Temporal Gyrus Pons PLAY Animation: Rotatable brain Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Cerebrum … 2. Cerebral Cortex (pp. 524-530 ) =. a. Description Cerebrum … 2. Cerebral Cortex (pp. 524-530 ) = a. Description *- Location *- Thickness: * - composed of what? - General Function 1) Wrinkles: 2) Cell Bodies of Interneurons:

b. Generalized Concepts * i) 3 Functional Areas Motor areas Sensory areas Association areas: Sensory & Multimodal Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

ii) Hemisphere functions Cerebral Dominance: 2. Cerebral Cortex … ii) Hemisphere functions Cerebral Dominance: Hemispheres control opposite side of body Lateralization: Left Right iii) Consciousness:

2. Cerebral Cortex … Motor Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex-- details c. Motor Areas - Type of Cells: Interneurons ADD Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

*Location: *Function: Motor Homunculus: SLIDE 16 MOTOR AREAS– defined by function and some structural features i) Primary Motor Cortex Posterior *Location: *Function: Receives input from: Premotor Cortex Type Cells: *Tract: Motor Homunculus: Motor Motor map in precentral gyrus Anterior ADD Toes Jaw Tongue Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Swallowing

3) Most output to 1º Motor C. *Broca’s area *Function: c. Motor Areas … Premotor cortex Functions 1) 2) 3) Most output to 1º Motor C. *Broca’s area *Function: *Lateralized to: (Wernicke’s Area in Posterior Association Area communicates with Broca’s area) *Frontal eye field Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) ADD (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Cerebral Cortex … d. Sensory Cortex Areas: Each Area inputs a particular type(s) of sensation and each has a separate Association Area for processing sensations i) Primary Somatosensory Cortex: * - Functions: Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic sensation Somatosensory association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision ADD: Somatic: Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Sensory Areas … i) Primary Somatosensory Cortex … Posterior *Location: Somatosensory homunculus Sensory Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Genitals Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal

Primary Visual Cortex: Sensory Areas … Primary Visual Cortex: Location: Calcarine Sulcus in medial deep occipital lobe *Function: Nerve: Optic Primary Auditory Cortex: *Location *Function Nerve: Vestibulo- cochlear Primary Olfactory: Cortex *Location: - Nerve: Olfactory Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic sensation Somatosensory association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary Visual Cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary Auditory Cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Calcarine Sulcus of Occipital Lobe

v) Gustatory Cortex: Cortex for taste sensations; in Insula d. Sensory Areas … v) Gustatory Cortex: Cortex for taste sensations; in Insula vi) Visceral sensory area: Organ sensations; in Insula vii) Vestibular cortex: Balance, posterior isula & parietal lobe Nerve: Vestibulocochlear Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic sensation Somatosensory association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

*Somatosensory association cortex– Function: - Location: e. Sensory Association Areas: linked to Primary Sensory Cortex Areas (previous regions) *Somatosensory association cortex– Function: - Location: *Visual Association area: *Auditory Association Area—Function: - Location: Superior Temporal Gyrus Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) - Other Areas Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Sensory Receptors  Primary Sensory Cortex  f. Multimodal Association Areas– Receive many inputs, make sense of it, stores it, tie it to past memories, decide what actions to take; makes up most of the cortex Sensory Receptors  Primary Sensory Cortex  Sensory Association Cortex  Multimodal Association Cortex *i) Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) Functions: Central sulcus Central Sulcus Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory For object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

5. Multimodal Association Areas … i) Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) … *Location *Maturation Rate: ii) Posterior association area Location: : Parts of temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes Wernicke’s Area: Understanding written and spoken language & making sense when speaking Functions: 1) Recognizing patterns and faces; 2) Binds all sensory inputs into a coherent whole; 3) Localizing one’s self in space

Parahippocampal Gyrus Cingulate Gyrus iii) Limbic Association Area– Cerebral Parts of Limbic System (multiple brain regions interact to produce emotions) *Function: Location: Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus (more anterior) Parahippocampal Gyrus, Temporal Lobe Hippocampus & Parahippocampal Gyrus

3. Cerebral White Matter Connect areas of Brain *Commissures– Function Corpus Callosum Anterior Commissure Posterior Commissure b. *Association Fibers: Function: Fornix: connects parts of Limbic Association Area *Projection Fibers: Internal Capsule  Corona Radiata Corona Radiata Internal Capsule Projection Fibers Corpus callosum Fornix Anterior Commissure

4. Subcortical Nuclei (p. 527) Overall Function: Amygdala: (p. 637) Hippocampus Parahippocampal Gyrus Others … Temporal Lobe

Composed of: Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus Function: d. Basal Nuclei Striatum Composed of: Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus Function: 1) 2) 3) 4) Basal nuclei • Caudate • Putamen Lenticular Nuclei • Globus Pallidus Frontal Section

D. Diencephalon - *Parts: - General Function: - Location: II The Brain … D. Diencephalon - *Parts: - General Function: - Location: Figure 7.12b

Interthalamic Adhesion (Intermediate Mas): *c. Functions: OVERALL: Diencephalon … 1. Thalamus *a. Location: b. Structure: Interthalamic Adhesion (Intermediate Mas): *c. Functions: OVERALL: Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Figure 12.12

ii) Processes information: i) Relays: Sensory: Emotions Motor ii) Processes information: iii) Cortical Arousal & Crude Awareness iv) Memory & Learning: c. Functions …

Specific Functions Autonomic Endocrine System: *Mammillary Bodies: Diencephalon … 2. Hypothalamus *a. Location: b. Structure: c. Overall Functions: Specific Functions Autonomic Endocrine System: *Mammillary Bodies: *Body Temperature *Sleep-Wake Cycles Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary Body Hypothalamus (magnified) - with Nuclei

Diencephalon … 2. Hypothalamus Specific Functions … *Drives: Emotions: Types: Input from Limbic Association Area Fight: Memory: Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary Body Hypothalamus (magnified) - with Nuclei

Diencephalon … *3. Epithalamus Location: Pineal gland: Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland

E. Brain Stem *Parts: *Overall Structure: General Functions: i) Nerves ii) Pathways: Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata Cerebral Peduncles Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Pons Medulla oblongata

Brainstem … Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Midbrain View (a) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Thalamus Diencephalon Hypothalamus Midbrain Midbrain Pons Brainstem Medulla oblongata Middle cerebellar peduncle Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (a) Ventral view Figure 12.15a

Corpora Quadrigemina: 1. Midbrain a. Cerebral Peduncles - tract: Corpora Quadrigemina: Superior Colliculi Inferior Colliculi: Oculomotor Nerve Cerebral Aqueduct: Cerebral Peduncles Superior C. Inferior C. Superior Colliculi Cerebral Aqueduct Substantia Nigra Anterior view Posterior view Cerebral peduncles

Tracts: i) Corticospinal (Pyramidal) ii) Cerebellar 2. Pons *Location: 4th ventricle Tracts: i) Corticospinal (Pyramidal) ii) Cerebellar Nerves: Trigeminal(5) & Facial(7) Visceral Nuclei for: i) ii) Pons Fourth ventricle Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal Nerve Fibers of pyramidal Tract (corticosp.)

Brainstem … SLIDE 39 3. Medulla Oblongata *a. Pyramids - Corticospinal Tract b. Tract for Sensory info to Cerebellum c. Nuclei for Autonomic Reflexes: Mouth & Pharynx reflexes: Respiratory center: Cardiovascular center: Vestibular Nuclei: d. Nerves: Hypoglossal-12, Glossopharyngeal-9, Vagus-10, Vestibulocochlear-8 Posterior Nuclei Anterior Pyramids = Corticospinal Tract Transverse Section

F. Cerebellum *Structures Cerebellar Hemispheres Arbor Vitae Folia: Vermis: connects cerebellar hemispheres Anterior lobe Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles Posterior lobe • Superior • Middle Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle • Inferior Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe (b) Figure 12.17b

Receives motor intentions from: Receives sensory info: Analyzes and: F. Cerebellum … 2. Functions Receives motor intentions from: Receives sensory info: Analyzes and: ipsilateral Homunculus Cerebellar Homunculus

G. Cranial Reflexes Corneal Reflex ( pp. 605) Eye Blink Reflex (pp. 605)

H. Functional Brain Systems SLIDE 42 1. The Limbic System a. Brain Regions & Functions: Cerebrum Cingulate Gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus Hypothalamus: Mammillary Body: Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Mammillary body

b. Overall Functions: Memory 1. Emotional State 1. Limbic System … b. Overall Functions: Memory 1. Emotional State easy to form– Not Fact information 2. Rehearsal 3. Association with old information

Functional Brain Systems … 2. The Reticular Formation a. Brain Regions: b. Reticular Activating System Receives: Arousal Inhibited by: Reticular Formation

J. Protection of the Brain (pp. 540-543) Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Blood-brain barrier Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column

1. Meninges (pp. 540-541) *a. Dura Mater Subdural Space Venous Sinuses *b. Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid Space Villi *c. Pia Mater

Figure 12.23a Dural septa and dural venous sinuses. Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Straight sinus Tentorium cerebelli Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Falx cerebelli Pituitary gland Midsagittal view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.23b Dural septa and dural venous sinuses. Superior sagittal sinus Parietal bone Scalp Falx cerebri Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Dura mater Falx cerebelli Transverse sinus Cerebellum Temporal bone Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata Posterior dissection © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Protection of the Brain … 2. Cerebrospinal Fluid *Composition (see spine) *Ependymal Cells Production Choroid Plexus Circulation Help control CSF composition Ependymal cells Capillary Section of choroid plexus Connective tissue of pia mater * See Next Slides Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.) Cavity of ventricle (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses

2 CSF flows through ventricles  Median & lateral apertures Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 5 4 Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Choroid plexus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle 3 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture 2 1 The choroid plexus produces CSF. Central canal of spinal cord (a) CSF circulation 2 CSF flows through ventricles  Median & lateral apertures subarachnoid space © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Subarachnoid space. 4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.

Protection of the Brain … 3. Blood-Brain Barrier Astrocytes & Capillary Endothelial Cells: Importance: Keeps out Absent in: Cannot keep out: Capillary Neuron Astrocyte

END

Review Questions The __________ is where some pyrimidal fibers decussate and most autonomic reflex centers reside. The __________ _______ are where CSF is generated from blood plasma with the help of __________ cells. medulla choroid plexuses ependymal

Review Questions What are housed in dorsal root ganglia? _______________ tracts are ascending tracts that transmit pain and temperature signals to third order neurons in the __________. Sensory neuron cell bodies Spinothalamic thalamus

Detected by left side, so the fly is on your right Posterior Review Questions: Consider carefully the diagram to the right. A pesky fly just landed on your face and stimulated the indicated brain area. Which side of your face is the fly on? What type of cells line brain ventricles? Sensory Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Detected by left side, so the fly is on your right Genitals Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal Ependymal Figure 12.9

Review Questions What brain features allow the 2 cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another? The ___________ is the major relay center for the brain. The __________ is the ruler of the autonomic nervous system. Commissures thalamus hypothalamus

Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Figure 12.16 The limbic system. Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Diencephalic structures of the limbic system Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures Fornix Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle) Anterior commissure Cerebral structures of the limbic system Hypothalamus Cingulate gyrus Septal nuclei Mammillary body Amygdaloid body Hippocampus • Dentate gyrus Olfactory bulb • Parahippocampal gyrus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Figure 12.14

(touch, pain, temperature) Figure 12.17 The reticular formation. Radiations to cerebral cortex Visual impulses Auditory impulses Reticular formation Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Descending motor projections to spinal cord © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Help control CSF composition Choroid Plexus Help control CSF composition Ependymal cells Capillary Section of choroid plexus Connective tissue of pia mater Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.) Cavity of ventricle (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses Figure 12.26b

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 5 4 Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Choroid plexus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle 3 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle 2 1 The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. Median aperture 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Central canal of spinal cord 3 CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. (a) CSF circulation 4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.