String Concepts In general, a string is a series of characters treated as a unit. Computer science has long recognized the importance of strings, but it.

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Presentation transcript:

String Concepts In general, a string is a series of characters treated as a unit. Computer science has long recognized the importance of strings, but it has not adapted a standard for their implementation. We find, therefore, that a string created in Pascal differs from a string created in C. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Taxonomy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Formats Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

C Strings A C string is a variable-length array of characters that is delimited by the null character. C uses variable-length, delimited strings. A string literal is enclosed in double quotes. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Storing Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Storing Strings and Characters Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Differences Between Strings and Character Arrays Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

FIGURE 11-6 Strings in Arrays Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Character Literals and String Literals Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Literal References Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Defining Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Memory for strings must be allocated before the string can be used. Note Memory for strings must be allocated before the string can be used. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Initializing Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Input/Output Functions C provides two basic ways to read and write strings. First, we can read and write strings with the formatted input/output functions, scanf/fscanf and printf/fprintf. Second, we can use a special set of string-only functions, get string (gets/fgets) and put string ( puts/fputs ). Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

The string conversion code(s) skips whitespace. Note The string conversion code(s) skips whitespace. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

The edit set does not skip whitespace. Reading Strings The edit set does not skip whitespace. Always use a width in the field specification when reading strings. The maximum number of characters to be printed is specified by the precision in the format string of the field specification. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate String Scan Set PROGRAM 11-2 Demonstrate String Scan Set Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate String Scan Set PROGRAM 11-2 Demonstrate String Scan Set Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Delete Leading Whitespace Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Delete Leading Whitespace Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Read Student Names and Scores Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Read Student Names and Scores Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

gets and fgets Functions Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate fgets Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate fgets Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

puts and fputs Operations Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstration of Put String Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstration of Put String Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Typewriter Program Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Typewriter Program Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print Selected Sentences Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print Selected Sentences Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print File Double spaced Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print File Double spaced Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Arrays of Strings Ragged arrays are very common with strings. Consider, for example, the need to store the days of the week in their textual format. We could create a two-dimensional array of seven days by ten characters, but this wastes space. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print Days of the Week Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Print Days of the Week Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Pointers to Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Manipulation Functions Because a string is not a standard type, we cannot use it directly with most C operators. Fortunately, C provides a set of functions to manipulates strings. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Add Left Margin Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Add Left Margin Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Copy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String-number Copy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Always use strncpy to copy one string to another. Note Always use strncpy to copy one string to another. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Build Name Array in Heap Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Build Name Array in Heap Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Build Name Array in Heap PROGRAM 11-12 Build Name Array in Heap Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Structure for Names Array Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Compares Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Results for String Compare Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Concatenation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Character in String (strchr) Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String in String Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String Span Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Streams Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate String to Long Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate String to Long Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate String to Long Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String-to-Number Functions Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Parsing with String Token Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Parsing a String with String Token Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Parsing a String with String Token Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Compare Packed String Function Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Compare Packed String Function Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Compare Packed String Function Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Compare Packed String Function Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Compare Packed String Function Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

String/Data Conversion A common set of applications format data by either converting a sequence of characters into corresponding data types or vice versa. Two such applications are parsing and telecommunications. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

sscanf Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Note sscanf is a one-to-many function. It splits one string into many variables. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

sprintf Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate Memory Formatting Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Demonstrate Memory Formatting Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Testing for Open and Close Errors Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Testing for Open and Close Errors Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Testing for Open and Close Errors Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

A Programming Example— Morse Code Morse code, patented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837, is the language that was used to send messages by telegraph from the middle of the nineteenth century until the advent of the modern telephone and today’s computer controlled communications systems. In this section, we use a C program to convert English to Morse and Morse to English. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Character to Morse Code Structure Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code Program Design Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Get Input Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Get Input Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Print Output PROGRAM 11-21 Morse Code: Print Output Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Encode to Morse Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Encode to Morse Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse code: Decode to English Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse code: Decode to English Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Convert Codes Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

Morse Code: Convert Codes PROGRAM 11-24 Morse Code: Convert Codes Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C