HEARING AND THE OTHER SENSES

Sound Auditory – having to do with hearing Sound - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.

Pitch Frequency – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz. Hertz – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.

Pitch The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

Loudness Amplitude – height The higher the amplitude of a wave, the louder the sound. Decibel – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.

Highest Frequency? Loudest? Highest Amplitude? Highest Pitch? B. C.

Balance The body’s sense of balance is regulated by the vestibular system inside the inner ear. Its prominent feature is the three semicircular canals. The stimuli for vestibular responses include movements such as spinning, falling, and tilting the body or head.

How Does Sound Move Through the Ear? http://www.oticon.com/eprise/main/Oticon/com/SEC_AboutHearing/LearnAboutHearing/Products/SEC_OtiKids/Kids/AboutHearing/CNT10_HowDoesTheEarWork%20 VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!

http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www

SENSORYNEURAL DEAFNESS STIMULATION DEAFNESS Types of Deafness CONDUCTION DEAFNESS SENSORYNEURAL DEAFNESS STIMULATION DEAFNESS

Conduction Deafness Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves Possible cause is a build-up of fluid Hearing aids Normal hearing may return.

Sensory-Neural Deafness Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate. Damage to the auditory nerve. Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.

Stimulation Deafness Exposure to very loud sounds Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss. Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged

The two chemical senses Smell The two chemical senses Taste

Thinking, and Singing, of Smell The nose knows! http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4060583 Thinking, and Singing, of Smell

Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.

Sensations are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called sensory interaction

(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor) Study: Tastes Form in Infancy What's going on? TASTE QUALITIES (taste is a bunch of B S’s!) Bitter Sour Salty Sweet FLAVOR DEPENDS ON… Temperature Odor Texture Taste (I T.O.T.T. you about flavor) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416 Study: Tastes Form in Infancy

Touch and Pressure Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched. There are at least 6 basic types of touch receptors in your skin. One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.

SKIN SENSES Touch Pressure Warmth Cold Pain *Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses* Touch Pressure Warmth Cold Pain

TOUCH & PRESSURE Two-Point Threshold – to assess sensitivity to pressure – The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks 1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations 2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face

TEMPERATURE Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously PAIN *Pain is a signal that something is wrong with the body* NO KIDDING! *Originates at the point of contact* *Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P* *Inflammation attracts infection-fighting blood cells*

GATE THEORY – pain messengers can’t get through ENDORPHINS – Bodies natural pain killers (Chapter 2 page 47) ACUPUNCTURE – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins PLACEBO – bogus treatment PAIN MANAGEMENT Accurate Information Distraction & Fantasy Hypnosis Relaxation Training Coping with Irrational Beliefs

KINESTHESIS – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies VESTIBULAR SENSE – The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity