18 July 2017

Learning Outcomes Define Information Systems (IS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) Acquire basic principles and knowledge based on IS and GIS Name the components and functions of IS and GIS Explain the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Sections for UNIIT 1 Introduction to Information Systems (IS) Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS)

Sections 1 Introduction to Information Systems (IS)

Information System Information: Is processed data/ data that has been interpreted by human being / with the help of a computing device. System: Is a collection of parts or components that are arranged in such way that they work together to achieve a common goal (e.g. Car).

What is an Information System ? Is a collection of interrelated components or parts that gather, archive, process, manipulate and distribute information in an organisation. All modern organisations need / depend on IS. i.e GRN, Banks, Tertiary Ed Inst, Private Orgs, Libraries etc

Components of an IS People or Users Procedures (Process) Data Hardware Software (Network)

Functions of an IS Three basic functions Data collection and archiving Data processing Information presentation (Feedback)

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) What is SDLC ? Is one such methodology that is concerned with the detail management of all components that go into the development of a new system. or Consist of detailed plan that describes how to develop, maintain, replace or enhance specific software. Why do we need it ?

Phases of Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) EXPLANATION Feasibility study Apply the cost-benefit criteria to the proposed system. May involve problem identification, entry and feasibility assessment Information Analysis Study the user information requirements. May involve analysis of the existing system, the interfaces to other systems. Leads to freezing of the scope of the system System design Designing files and information processing functions to be performed in the system. Leads to DD, data structures and program specifications Procedures and forms Designing and documenting procedures and forms for the systems user. A user manual may be the output

Phases of Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)… Program development Designing, coding, compiling, testing and documentation of programs Acceptance and testing Prepare and carry out final system test and formal approval and acceptance by users and management Migrating Changing over from old to new system Operation/maintenance On-going running of the system and changes/improvements Post Audit Period review. May lead to change of data structures and/or application programs

ICT and Systems Development Advantages of Using Computerized Information Systems: Information is kept in more compact form Increased accessibility to information Easier to access the information Searching and updating large amounts of data is easier Integration of large data sets is easier

Can you think of any disadvantage of an IS ?

How can IS be implemented ? Stand-alone Client-Server Web-based IS Cloud based

Class Exercise 1 Identify an Information System and point out and match its functions with the three basic functions we’ve learned. Data collection and archiving Data processing Information presentation (Feedback)

Summary: Information / System => Information System Components of an IS Functions of an IS SDLC Phases of a SDLC ICT and Systems Development IS Implementation

Sections 2 Introduction to Geographical Information System

Geographical Information Technologies Are technologies for collecting and dealing with geographic information there are three main types: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Remote Sensing Geographical Information System (GIS)

Dr . John Snow 1813 - 1858

Roger Tomlinson Roger Tomlinson ‘Father of GIS’ 1933 – 2014

The Ph.D. that paved the way for GIS Few Ph.D. theses have ever changed the world in the same world that Roger Tomlinson’s thesis has. Roger Tomlinson, widely considered as the “Father of GIS,” completed his Ph.D. entitled “Geographical Information Systems, Spatial Data Analysis and Decision Making in Government”  in 1974 at the Department of Geography, University College London. The thesis was based on his experiences gained during the development of the first Geographic Information System in the world for Canada Land Inventory. Finally, after spending the last four decades on a shelf within the Department of Geography at UCL, the thesis is now available for download here (they also OCRed the thesis, so it’s searchable like normal PDF files).

What is Geographic Information ? “it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more.” Source: Webopedia

“Almost everything that happens , happens, happens somewhere “Almost everything that happens , happens, happens somewhere. Knowing where something happens is critically important.” (Longley et al., 2011, p.4)

GIS Defined 1. GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analysing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. 2. A computerised system that facilitates the phases of data entry, data analysis and data presentation especially in cases when we are dealing with geo-referenced data (de By et al. 2003).

GIS Components Hardware Software Data People Methods and Standards (Procedures)

What can GIS Do ? GIS can answer the following 5 questions Location – What is at a given locations? Where are the car washes in Soweto ? Condition – Where does it occur ? Where are the illegal car washes in Soweto? Trends – What has changed ? How did the water consumption changed since the mushrooming of illegal car washes?

What can GIS Do ?... Pattern – What (geographic) pattern exist ? Where are the highest number of illegal car washes in Soweto? Modelling (Implications) – what happens if? What would be the water savings if we close down all the illegal car washes?

Functions of a GIS Data Input Data Storage and Maintenance Data Analysis and manipulations Data Visualisation

GIS versus LIS A land Information System (LIS) is a geographic information system for cadastral and land-use mapping, typically used by local governments. Source:Wikipedia Handle detailed land ownership information including boundaries, property lines, tax assessments etc. Why do municipalities and councils need a LIS ? A LIS consists of an accurate, current and reliable land record cadastre and its associated attribute and spatial data that represent the legal boundaries of land tenure and provides a vital base layer capable of integration into other geographic systems or as a standalone solution that allows data stewards to retrieve, create, update, store, view, analyze and publish land information.

“She said the investigations also found that Okahandja does not have a filing system of properties which makes it difficult to get information on properties.” Shinovene Immanuel, 2016 (The Namibian)

Please note that we’ll discuss Geographic Phenomena in UNIT 2.

Class Exercise List at least ten spatial problems that can be solved using GIS technology.

References Alex Mudabeti., (2007).Geographical Information Systems 1. Polytechnic of Namibia. List of geographic information systems software. retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographic_information_systems_software What is Spatial Data ? Webopedia. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/spatial_data.html

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