Solubility Rules SOLUBILITY RULES 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rule # Cations ALL Group 1 alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+) and Ammonium (NH4+) compounds are soluble in water. Most, but NOT all, Group 2 alkali earth metal compounds are soluble. 2 Halides Most Halides are soluble. Chlorides (Cl-). Bromides (Br-), and Iodides (I-) are soluble EXCEPT Silver (Ag+), Mercury (Hg22+), and Lead (Pb2+) 3 Soluble Anions Nitrates (NO3-), Acetates (C2H3O2-), Chlorate (ClO3-), and Perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble 4 Sulfates Most Sulfates (SO42-) are soluble EXCEPT compounds of Barium (Ba2+), Strontium (Sr2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Lead (Pb2+) 5 Insoluble Anions Most Phosphates (PO43-), Carbonates (CO32-), Sulfides (S2-), & Sulfites (SO32-) are insoluble EXCEPT for compounds of Group 1 alkali metals and Ammonium (NH4+) 6 Hydroxides Most hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble EXCEPT compounds of Group 1 alkali metals, most Group 2 alkali earth metals, and Ammonium (NH4+)

Solubility Rules NaCl (aq)

Solubility Rules PbCl2 (s)

Solubility Rules Fe(NO3)2 (aq)

Solubility Rules FeCO3 (s)

Solubility Rules CaSO4 (s)

Solubility Rules NH4Br (aq)

Solubility Rules Li3PO4 (aq)

Solubility Rules Co3(PO4)2 (s)

Solubility Rules CsClO3 (aq)

2 1 Sit with your Durability lab group at your table Take out your Notebook, Periodic Table, & Ion List For the 1st rotation you’ll start with this letter role… A B C D

2 1 Sit with your Durability group (reminder below) Take out your Notebook, Periodic Table, & Ion List For the 1st rotation you’ll start with this letter role… A B C D Janae L Chelcie Alex

2 1 Sit with your Durability group (reminder below) Take out your Notebook, Periodic Table, & Ion List For the 1st rotation you’ll start with this letter role… A B C D

2 1 Sit with your Durability group (reminder below) Take out your Notebook, Periodic Table, & Ion List For the 1st rotation you’ll start with this letter role… A B C D

Writing Double Replacement Reactions GROUP WORK RULES: * Every student is responsible for their part – 100% effort ** Struggle, get stuck, then ask each other before calling a teacher *** Keep markers capped – Group Leaders are the marker monitors! Pick a card – Write reactants (check BCD’s work after each step) B. Write the ions and then formula for one product C. Write the ions and then formula the other product D. Write (aq) or (s) for each product [using solubility rules] A. Will there be a rxn and precipitate? Celebrate! Rotate jobs, draw a new card, start again

KI + Pb(NO3)2  ? + ? . Double Replacement Reactions KPb + I-NO3 Reactants Products The demo featured the reactants potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate, which produced a cloudy-yellow precipitate. Which of the following choices represents the correct products of the reaction? KPb + I-NO3 KNO3 + PbI KNO3 + PbI2 D) Pb(NO3)2 + KI

Formation of a Precipitate

Formation of a Precipitate

Predicting Precipitates STEPS REACTANTS All reactants are aqueous (aq) meaning dissolved in water PRODUCTS Switch cations and complete each rxn Use solubility rules to predict if one is a ppt PREDICTION NR or ppt? Rule # ______ QUALITATIVE RESULTS NR or color Names Ions Formulas Lithium Fluoride + Sodium Carbonate STEPS REACTANTS All reactants are aqueous (aq) meaning dissolved in water PRODUCTS Switch cations and complete each rxn Use solubility rules to predict if one is a ppt PREDICTION NR or ppt? Rule # ______ QUALITATIVE RESULTS NR or color Names Ions Formulas Sodium Chloride + Silver Nitrate

2 soluble compounds dissolved in H2O switch ions Double Replacement Reactions Description in words: Symbolic Representation: Picture Representation: 2 soluble compounds dissolved in H2O switch ions AX + BY  BX + AY

Double Replacement Reactions BACKGROUND: Chemists can synthesize [make] different colored solids through ___________ - _________________ ______________. In this kind of chemical reaction, two ______________ reactants OR ______________ [meaning dissolved in H2O] compounds are mixed. Once dissolved, the compounds now exist in solution as free ________ and_____________. Sometimes, the ions combine to form a new ________________ [ meaning does NOT dissolve in water] compound. This new insoluble solid product is known as a ___________________ Chemists use the “__________________ ___________” to predict whether or not a precipitate will form in a double-replacement reaction. Generally, a precipitate will look ____________ and you may be able to see a new colored solid floating or settling to the bottom of the solution. double replacement reactions soluble aqueous cations anions insoluble precipitate solubility rules cloudy

Procedure reactants products cations formulas charges NR ppt 5 drops For each reaction write the word and chemical equations, use the _____________ to determine which ____________ will form by switching the _____________ . Use the _____________ of the ions to balance the _____________ . Use the solubility rules to predict whether the products will be soluble or if there will be an insoluble precipitate. Use ____ for “no reaction” or _____ for “precipitate”. If ppt, write the name of the product that you predict will precipitate. Once you have finished writing all reactions and making all predictions, ask your teacher for the solutions. Test your prediction for each reaction by mixing ___ _______ of each solution in a spot plate. Record observations for each reaction. Describe the precipitate if there is one (ex. ______________________ etc.) reactants products cations charges formulas NR ppt 5 drops color, cloudy, gel