Chapter 4 England’s population in colonies doubled in 1700 and then again in 1750 = 1,170,000 people. Three distinct regions: New England colonies, Middle colonies Southern colonies. A fourth area became known as the backcountry (an area running along the Appalachian Mts and through far western parts of other regions. New England characteristics: rocky soil, long winters, short growing season mostly English settlers. most farmers were subsistence farming producing just enough food for themselves. Some turned to whaling, fishing, shipbuilding and timber cutting.

Chapter 4 Middle Colonies – promised what 2 things? Shorter winters, longer growing seasons, fertile soil and a very diverse population Produced a good deal of cash crops. New York & Philadelphia had deep channel that led to open water which led to big time shipping and commerce (business and trade). Became the home to Germans, Dutch, Irish, Welsh, Swedish, French, Africans. Founded on the principle of religious freedom and tolerance. Africans ranged from free men and women in the cities and slaves on the farmlands. This led to tensions and sometimes violence. Economy grew due to large farms and cash crops such as grain, fruits and vegetables

Chapter 4 Southern Colonies – why did England want Georgia to be a military outpost? Population was English and African slaves. Economy was plantations—year round growing season, fertile soil—ideal for farming tobacco and rice (huge cash crops). As plantations grew in size, finding labor became more difficult. The planters turned to slavery towards the end of 1600s. By 1750, 40% of the southern population was slaves. The introduction of indigo increased the need for slaves. Planters class: Large plantation owners who pushed small farmers out of business. No moral responsibility towards slaves. The political and economic power in the south . This class becomes important as we move toward the Civil War.

Chapter 4 Backcountry - Appealed to what 2 types of people? Region from Appalachian Mountains to a fall line (waterfalls) to a piedmont (broad plateau). Climate varied with latitude, had lots of woods and streams. Population consisted of Scots-Irish and Native Americans and had small farms (subsistence farmers) as their economy. Clans–large groups of families that claim common ancestor that make up a large portion of the population. Life was difficult and women were as equal to men as possible. Contact with the French and Spanish occurred as all countries tried to establish land for their native country. Key to later westward movement.

Chapter 4 Triangular Trade What is subsistence farming? Triangular Trade New Englanders engaged in 3 types of trade: 1)Trade with other colonies 2) Trade directly with England 3) Triangular trade –ship leaves New England with raw materials, sails to England sells raw materials, buys manufactured goods, sails down to Africa and picks up slaves, returns to New England and then starts same trip all over again

Chapter 4 One early kind of trade that New England settlers participated in was triangular trade—the name given to a trading route with three stops. For example, a ship leaves New England with rum and iron. In Africa, the traders exchanged their cargo for slaves. The slaves then suffered through a trip to the West Indies. There, they were traded for sugar and molasses. The traders took this cargo back to New England. Colonists there used the molasses to make more rum to trade. New England made huge profits from trade. England wanted a share of the profits

Chapter 4 In 1651, England passed the Navigation Acts. The English government designed the acts to make sure that it made money from its colonies’ trade. The acts were: 1) All shipping had to be done on English ships or ships made in English colonies 2) Products like sugar, tobacco, and wood could only be sold to England or its colonies 3) European imports to the colonies had to pass through English ports 4) English officials were to tax any colonial goods not shipped to England Many colonists ignored the Navigation Acts and turned to Smuggling, which is the importing or exporting of goods illegally, was common.

Chapter 4 What two distinct types of economies were forming in Colonial America? There are two distinct economies taking root in colonial America. The northern (along with the Middle) colonies started to place more emphasis on manufacturing –espeically shipbuilding. The southern colonies started to place an emphasis on farming and large plantations.