m MANX- Toward Bright Muon Beams Muons, Inc. MANX- Toward Bright Muon Beams for Colliders, Neutrino Factories, and Muon Physics   Rolland P. Johnson Muons, Inc. (http://www.muonsinc.com/) New inventions are improving the prospects for high luminosity muon colliders for Higgs or Z’ factories and at the energy frontier.  Recent analytical calculations, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements are coming together to make a strong case for a series of devices or machines to be built, where each one is a precursor to the next. If chosen correctly, each device or machine with its own unique experimental and accelerator physics programs can drive the development of muon cooling and acceleration theory and technology.   This strategy can achieve an almost unlimited program of experimental physics based on the cooling and acceleration of muon beams.  The very first step of the program is to develop stopping muon beams by using MANX, a 6D muon cooling segment (p-dependent Helical Cooling Channel with emittance exchange using a homogeneous energy absorber) to test the theory and simulations and to improve the mu2e experiment. http://www.muonsinc.com/ Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Ultimate Goal: High-Energy High-Luminosity Muon Colliders Muons, Inc. Ultimate Goal: High-Energy High-Luminosity Muon Colliders precision lepton machines at the energy frontier achieved in physics-motivated stages that require developing inventions and technology, e.g. stopping muon beams (HCC, EEX wHomogeneous absorber) neutrino factory (HCC with HPRF, RLA in CW Proj-X) Z’ factory (low Luminosity collider, HE RLA) Higgs factory (extreme cooling, low beta, super-detectors) Energy-frontier muon collider (more cooling, lower beta) Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Muons, Inc. Key MANX features Will Test: Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber modify currents to change cooling decrements, Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Minimizes costs and time no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber RF is developed in parallel with new concepts builds on MICE, adds 6-d capability, ~ps detectors Synergies in funding for uses w/o RF: HS for stopping muons, especially mu2e upgrade Isochronous pion decay channel Precooler Rol - Oct.u0, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Test of Ionization Cooling with Emittance Exchange Muons, Inc. Test of Ionization Cooling with Emittance Exchange Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

m Principle of Ionization Cooling Muons, Inc. Each particle loses momentum by ionizing a low-Z absorber Only the longitudinal momentum is restored by RF cavities The angular divergence is reduced until limited by multiple scattering Successive applications of this principle with clever variations leads to small emittances for many applications Early work: Budker, Ado & Balbekov, Skrinsky & Parkhomchuk, Neuffer Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Transverse Emittance IC Muons, Inc. Transverse Emittance IC The equation describing the rate of cooling is a balance between cooling (first term) and heating (second term): Here n is the normalized emittance, Eµ is the muon energy in GeV, dEµ/ds and X0 are the energy loss and radiation length of the absorber medium,  is the transverse beta-function of the magnetic channel, and  is the particle velocity. Bethe-Bloch Moliere (with low Z mods) Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Muons, Inc. Wedges or Continuous Energy Absorber for Emittance Exchange and 6d Cooling Ionization Cooling is only transverse. To get 6D cooling, emittance exchange between transverse and longitudinal coordinates is needed. THIS RH CONCEPTUAL PICTURE BE REALIZED? A MANX GOAL! Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Helical Cooling Channel m Muons, Inc. Helical Cooling Channel First simulations showed factor of ~150,000 reduction in 6d emittance in less than 100 m of HCC. ~40,000 microns normalized transverse acceptance Used 200 MHz H2-pressurized cavities inside magnet coils. (absorber and RF occupy same space) Engineering Implementation requires creativity Coils outside of such large RF Cavities are difficult. Solutions? bigger coils: Helical Solenoid with/without correction coils smaller cavities: 1) dielectric-loaded or 2) traveling wave solutions smaller pitch angle (weaker helical dipole) eases field at conductor H2-Pressurized RF cavities are undeveloped/unproven Max RF gradient shown to be insensitive to external B field. MTA proton beam tests soon. (SF6 dopant calcs/tests encouraging) Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

6-Dimensional Cooling in a Continuous Absorber Muons, Inc. 6-Dimensional Cooling in a Continuous Absorber Helical cooling channel (HCC) Continuous absorber for emittance exchange Solenoidal, transverse helical dipole and quadrupole fields Helical dipoles known from Siberian Snakes z- and time-independent Hamiltonian Derbenev & Johnson, Theory of HCC, April/05 PRST-AB http://www.muonsinc.com/reports/PRSTAB-HCCtheory.pdf Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Particle Motion in an HCC Magnet Muons, Inc. Particle Motion in an HCC Magnet Combined function magnet (invisible in this picture) Solenoid + Helical dipole + Helical Quadrupole Red: Reference orbit Blue: Beam envelope Magnet Center Dispersive component makes longer path length for higher momentum particles and shorter path length for lower momentum particles. Opposing radial forces Transforming to the frame of the rotating helical dipole leads to a time and z –independent Hamiltonian b' added for stability and acceptance Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Some Important Relationships Muons, Inc. Some Important Relationships Hamiltonian Solution Equal cooling decrements Longitudinal cooling only ~Momentum slip factor ~ Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Test of Simulation Programs Muons, Inc. Test of Simulation Programs Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Precooler + HCCs With first engineering constraints m Muons, Inc. Precooler + HCCs With first engineering constraints Series of HCCs Precooler Solenoid + High Pressurized RF The acceptance is sufficiently big. Transverse emittance can be smaller than longitudinal emittance. Emittance grows in the longitudinal direction. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Engineering HCC with RF Incorporating RF cavities in Helical Cooling Channels Engineering HCC with RF RF is completely inside the coil. Use a pillbox cavity (but no window this time). RF frequency is determined by the size of helical solenoid coil. Diameter of 400 MHz cavity = 50 cm Diameter of 800 MHz cavity = 25 cm Diameter of 1600 MHz cavity = 12.5 cm GH2 The pressure of gaseous hydrogen is 200 atm at room temp to adjust the RF field gradient to be a practical value. The field gradient can be increased if the breakdown would be well suppressed by the high pressurized hydrogen gas. RF Window RF cavity Helical solenoid coil parameters l k Bz bd bq bs f Inner d of coil Expected Maximum b E RF phase unit m   T T/m T/m2 GHz cm MV/m degree 1st HCC 1.6 1.0 -4.3 -0.2 0.5 0.4 50.0 6.0 16.4 140.0 2nd HCC -6.8 1.5 -0.3 1.4 0.8 30.0 8.0 3rd HCC -13.6 3.1 -0.6 3.8 15.0 17.0 Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Test of Helical Solenoid m Muons, Inc. Test of Helical Solenoid Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Helical Cooling Channel m Muons, Inc. Helical Cooling Channel Continuous, homogeneous energy absorber for longitudinal cooling Helical Dipole magnet component for dispersion Solenoidal component for focusing Helical Quadrupole for stability and increased acceptance BNL Helical Dipole magnet for AGS spin control Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Two Different Designs of Helical Cooling Magnet Muons, Inc. Two Different Designs of Helical Cooling Magnet Great new innovation! Large bore channel (conventional) Small bore channel (helical solenoid) Siberian snake type magnet Consists of 4 layers of helix dipole to produce tapered helical dipole fields. Coil diameter is 1.0 m. Maximum field is more than 10 T. Helical solenoid coil magnet Consists of 73 single coils (no tilt). Maximum field is 5 T Coil diameter is 0.5 m. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

HS for Cooling Demonstration Experiment V. Kashikhin, A. Zlobin, M. Lamm, S. Kahn, M. Lopes Goals: cooling demonstration, HS technology development Features: SSC NbTi cable, Bmax~6 T, coil ID ~0.5m, length ~10m Status: conceptual design complete solenoid matching sections Next: engineering design mechanical structure field quality, construction tolerances cryostat powering and quench protection April 24, 2008 LEMC'08 Fermilab, K. Yonehara

MANX: a Muon Factory and Neutrino Factory Experiment Individual coils allow B field to diminish to follow slowing muons Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Overview of original MANX Use Liquid He absorber No RF cavity L of cooling channel: 3.2 m L of matching section: 2.4 m Helical pitch k: 1.0 Helical orbit radius: 25 cm Helical period: 1.6 m Transverse cooling: ~1.3 Longitudinal cooling: ~1.3 6D cooling: ~2 April 24, 2008 LEMC'08 Fermilab, K. Yonehara

Matching + Helical Cooling Magnets Design HCC Magnet Matching + Helical Cooling Magnets Upstream Matching Increase gap between coils from 10 to 40 mm HCC Downstream Matching Helix period = 1.2 m Number of coils per period = 20 Coil length = 0.05 m Gap between coils = 0.01 m Current = 430.0 A/mm2 Gap between coils = 0.04 m Current = 1075.0 A/mm2 Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Simulation in best cooling option 6D cooling factor ~2 Transverse/longitudinal cooling factor ~1.3 Not perfect/Need more tuning April 24, 2008 LEMC'08 Fermilab, K. Yonehara

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL What is New(est) Incorporating RF in HCC (new grants/proposals) HS Correction coils; more room, lower f (Katsuya) Adding Dielectric to lower f/R (Milorad) Traveling wave solution (Lars,…) Studies of lower pitch angle (Valeri, Bob, Slava,..) HPRF development in using proton beam about to start Impact of dopants on e- absorption (Alvin, Rose, ) Engineering of magnet coils 4-coil study ready for VTS (Lamm, Kashikhin,…) Unmatched HCC in MICE saves t and $ New grants for HTS HS for more cooling Feb ‘09 presentation to FNAL AAC support from FNAL for MANX at MICE ($5-10M magnet) support from MICE collaboration and RAL needed! Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Muons, Inc. Project History Year Project Expected Funds Research Partner 2002 Company founded 2002-5 High Pressure RF Cavity $600,000 IIT (Dan K.) 2003-7 Helical Cooling Channel $850,000 Jlab (Slava D.) 2004-5† MANX demo experiment $ 95,000 FNAL TD (Victor Y.) 2004-7 Phase Ionization Cooling $745,000 Jlab (Slava D.) 2004-7 HTS Magnets $795,000 FNAL TD (Victor Y.) 2005-9 Reverse Emittance Exch. $850,000 Jlab (Slava D.) 2005-9 Capture, ph. rotation $850,000 FNAL AD (Dave N.) 2006-9 G4BL Sim. Program $850,000 IIT (Dan K.) 2006-9 MANX 6D Cooling Demo $850,000 FNAL TD (M. Lamm) 2007-10 Stopping Muon Beams $750,000 FNAL APC (Chuck A.) 2007-10 HCC Magnets $750,000 FNAL TD (Sasha Z.) 2007-8† Compact, Tunable RF $100,000 FNAL AD (Milorad) 2008-9 Pulsed Quad RLAs $100,000 Jlab (Alex B.) 2008-9 Fiber Optics for HTS $100,000 FSU (Justin S.) 2008-9 RF Breakdown Studies $100,000 LBNL (Derun L.) 2008-9 Rugged RF Windows $100,000 Jlab (Bob Rimmer) 2008-9 H2-filled RF Cavities $100,000 FNAL APC (Katsuya,) 2009 Illinois matching $150,000 DCEO (Hedin) Underlined are explicitly related to HCC , others support related RF and magnet R&D. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

new ideas under development: Muons, Inc. new ideas under development: H2-Pressurized RF Cavities Continuous Absorber for Emittance Exchange Helical Cooling Channel Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling Reverse Emittance Exchange RF capture, phase rotation, cooling in HP RF Cavities Bunch coalescing Very High Field Solenoid magnets for better cooling p-dependent HCC precooler HTS for extreme transverse cooling MANX 6d Cooling Demo improved mu2e design Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Is it possible to apply longitudinal only cooling? This design has a large flexibility. It may be possible to generate the longitudinal only cooling in the new HS coil configuration. We may also be able to reproduce the isochronous helical channel by adjusting the dispersion function. Primary HS coil Solenoid coil This will be investigated soon. Correction HS coil April 24, 2008 LEMC'08 Fermilab, K. Yonehara

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Muons, Inc. HCC Magnets for MANX Prototype coils for MANX have been designed and modeled. Construction of a 4-coil assembly using SSC cable is complete. Tests in the TD vertical Dewar will start soon. Since the MANX matching sections are made of coils with varying offset, they are more expensive than the cooling region. Consequently the total magnet cost can be drastically reduced if the matching sections are not needed. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Can we save t and $ by eliminating matching sections? Magnet ~$10M Magnet < $5M LHe or LH2 region Requires transverse displacement of downstream spectrometer Matching sections Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Muons, Inc. HCC Magnets using HTS Beam cooling to reduce the size of a muon beam depends on the magnetic field strength. The Phase II proposal to develop this hybrid scheme has been approved. Here a hybrid magnet of Nb3Sn (green) and HTS (red) could provide up to 30 T in an HCC design. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Fig. 7: Top: there are many ferrite cores at Fermilab from older implementations of RF systems which needed to be identified and tested. Bottom: photographs of the ferrite rings in the model RF cavity during assembly. In the photo at lower-right one can see the end of the sleeve that acts as an iris, as well as the copper solenoid bias windings.

MANX as a Pre-cooler D. Neuffer, C. Yoshikawa 10k POT Use LiH plate in this design Good transmission (> 90%) z = 3 m z = 0 m z = 6 m p (MeV/c) Distance in HCC, z(m) & Momentum Cut N(π─&μ─) per POT N(π─) per POT N(μ─) per POT 0.3302 0.0016 0.3139 (95.1%) z = 0; p < 350 MeV/c 0.1954 0.0004 0.1949 (99.8%) 3 0.1734 0.0002 0.1733 (~100%) 6 0.0780 0.0000 0.0780 (100%) z = 6; p < 75 MeV/c 0.0348 0.0348 (100%) April 24, 2008 LEMC'08 Fermilab, K. Yonehara

Can we add better 6d capability by using ps detectors? http://www.hep.anl.gov/ertley/tof/talks_mar_28/12_Roberts.ppt Pico-Second Timing Workshop Argonne National Laboratory University of Chicago Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique March 27 & 28, 2008 Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Momentum Resolution from Time of Flight 1 meter Desired (next slide) 5 meters (single counter) Momentum is determined from time of flight. Here the µ+ momentum is 200 MeV/c. Here the counter spacing is 1 m (red) or 5 m (blue). Segmentation of the counters assumed to be 2 cm or better Limits uncertainty in path length March 28, 2008 TJR Picosecond Timing and MANX

Longitudinal Phase Space The input beam for MANX has parameters: Momentum: 300 MeV/c Sigma (dp/p): 4% (12 MeV/c) Sigma (time): 0.2 ns (20° at 201 MHz) Cooling will decrease both sigmas by ~10%. Resolutions 2 times better than the decreases are: 0.5 MeV/c in Ptot 10 ps in time. These resolutions are factors of ~40X and ~6X better than the current spectrometers can do (which are not designed to measure longitudinally at all). Picosecond counters are a good match to the needs of MANX for longitudinal measurements. March 28, 2008 TJR Picosecond Timing and MANX

MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL Muons, Inc. Summary: MANX Will Test: Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber modify currents to change cooling decrements, Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Minimizes costs and time no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber RF is developed in parallel with new concepts builds on MICE, adds 6-d capability, ~ps detectors Synergies in funding for uses w/o RF: HS for stopping muons, especially mu2e upgrade Isochronous pion decay channel Precooler Rol - Oct.u0, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

In Feb. 2009 we plan to present to the FNAL AAC An Updated Letter of Intent to Propose MANX, A 6D MUON BEAM COOLING EXPERIMENT TO FOLLOW MICE Robert Abrams1, Mohammad Alsharo’a1, Charles Ankenbrandt2, Emanuela Barzi2, Kevin Beard3, Alex Bogacz3, Daniel Broemmelsiek2, Alan Bross2, Yu-Chiu Chao3, Mary Anne Cummings1, Yaroslav Derbenev3, Henry Frisch4, Stephen Geer2, Ivan Gonin2, Gail Hanson5, Martin Hu2, Andreas Jansson2*, Rolland Johnson1*, Stephen Kahn1, Daniel Kaplan6, Vladimir Kashikhin2, Sergey Korenev1, Moyses Kuchnir1, Mike Lamm2, Valeri Lebedev2, David Neuffer2, David Newsham1, Milorad Popovic2, Robert Rimmer3, Thomas Roberts1, Richard Sah1, Vladimir Shiltsev2, Linda Spentzouris6, Alvin Tollestrup2, Daniele Turrioni2, Victor Yarba2, Katsuya Yonehara2, Cary Yoshikawa2, Alexander Zlobin2 1Muons, Inc. 2Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 3Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 4University of Chicago 5University of California at Riverside 6Illinois Institute of Technology We need the MICE Collaboration support to do this !!!! (Fermilab would be asked to build the magnet to be used at RAL) Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

Bob Palmer Objections to MANX I agree with Rol – we need a 6D cooling demonstration, but not in the way he wants. 6D cooling can be done by path length differences in a helix, or with dispersion in wedges. The former requires difficult high kappa helices, has consequent problems incorporating rf, and does work at low emittances where you need focusing to a low beta (e.g. PIC or REMEX). The wedge method avoids these problems and is far easier to demonstrate. A wedge in MICE with off-line dispersion selection is a perfectly good demonstration of 6D cooling and does not cost anything (almost). That will satisfy the PR need for “demonstration of 6D cooling”. What is really needed, is a demonstration of a useful system. For that, we need to know what the “useful system” is, and devise an experiment that shows that it is indeed practical. For a high pressure gas cooling system we need to know 1) what a beam does to the gas, 2) how rf is to be incorporated, 3) how to satisfy a safety committee that the system WITH thin windows, is ok, and 4) how its simulated performance and cost compares with systems using wedges. We are a long way from knowing the answers to these questions, so it is premature to propose a practicality demonstration at this time. And, incidentally, a demonstration that uses no hydrogen and no rf is not a practicality demonstration. It would do no more than seeing 6D cooling in a wedge at MICE. Do not get me wrong. I am not against helices, nor against high pressure hydrogen gas. I am currently excited about a low kappa helix, with the minimum hydrogen pressure for breakdown, and LIH wedges. With a low kappa, (e.g. transverse field 1/20 of the axial) putting rf in the coils is trivial. Raising the field to 20 T (plus 1 T transverse) is also relatively easy. Using lower pressure (25 atm at 60 degrees) also makes safety with thin windows easier. Let’s work together on cooking better solutions and doing the R&D needed to get them to work. Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL

If MANX isn’t a prototype for NF or MC cooling, could it be? Muons, Inc. If MANX isn’t a prototype for NF or MC cooling, could it be? For example, if HPRF can’t be made to work, then you could match 6d MANX output to ~150 MeV vacuum RF section, (a la Fernow) accelerate 150 MeV, which would improve 6d emittance by factor of ~5. Inject into another MANX section, and iterate 9 times to reduce 6d emittance by a factor of a million in 10X30 = 300 m. MANX 4 m long HCC with LH2 absorber Insert 20 m of 7.5 MV/m 200 MHz RF (vacuum) Matching sections ~8 spare 800 MHz klystrons could be used for demo of a central section Rol - Oct.20, 2008 MICE Collaboration Meeting RAL