World War I Beginning to End

The Great War After studying World War I, you should be able to explain the following: What role do forces like Nationalism and Imperialism play in the events that lead to the start of the war? How does war change during this period? What affect does this have one people? (Technology, outlook on life, changing roles in society, life after war)

The Great War What was accomplished, if anything, after 4 years of fighting? What changes? (political changes, societal changes) How does the peace conference fail or succeed in comparison to the Congress of Vienna?

MAIN Causes of the Great War Militarism Imperialism Alliance System Nationalism Causes of the Great War

Causes of the War - Militarism Nations adopt a militaristic stance to protect and acquire colonies Glorification of strength and arms Led to rise of large, sophisticated armies and navies

Britain’s Two Power rule Britain felt as though its navy had to be as big as the next two biggest navies in the world. Germany initiated an arms race with Britain when it increased size of its navy. Dreadnought introduced by Britain

Dreadnought

Causes of the War – Alliance Systems European powers did not want to be left to fight alone with no diplomatic or strategic allies Web of interlocking treaties formed Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Causes of the War - Imperialism To maintain strong economies, Nations competed for colonies. Race for overseas colonies and economic dominance pitted nations against each other, increasing tensions

Causes of the War - Nationalism Nationalism in the Balkans Powder keg of Europe The Black Hand

Nationalism In 1914 – Western European nation-states were most technologically advanced, wealthiest nations on earth. Created feelings of superiority in Europe, considered their industrialized way of life to be the peak of world civilization

Nationalism Combined with Militarism and imperialism, strongly affecting attitudes People displayed maps of colonies in their homes Popular songs, poems and plays had nationalistic themes that cast rival European powers as antagonists

WAR BREAK OUT The Black Hand

Archduke Francis Ferdinand WAR BREAKS OUT Austria-Hungary Archduke Francis Ferdinand Assassination Ultimatum Serbian Nationalism Alliance System

Who’s involved – Great Powers

Alliances Triple Entente Triple Alliance Britain France Russia Immediately joined by Belgium Later joined by Italy USA Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

Western Front Germany, France, Britain and Belgium fought along the Western Front Germans were trying to eliminate France to prevent a two-front war. Germany made several tactical errors, allowing the French to regroup

Battle on the Western Front LONG, BLOODY BATTLES Battle of Verdun – lasts 6 months and creates 680,000 casualties

The Eastern Front Russian sent armies against Germans, experiencing early victories Russia’s lack of modern technology ¼ of Russian troops went into battle without weapons

New Weapons Machine gun Artillery First time gas is used in battle – Chlorine and Mustard – 75 different types of gas Flamethrowers Tanks Airplanes – increased role in later stages of war Zeppelins

Schlieffen Plan

Reality of Soldier’s Lives Intense feelings of patriotism and nationalism led festive conditions sending troops to war Horrors of war lead to change in attitude Horrors repressed in news at Home Front No crowds or heroes’ welcome after the war

Trench Warfare 475 miles of trenches British troops used over 10 million shovels during the war Charging over the top, crossing no man’s land to reach enemy trenches Boring, terrifying, and caused shell-shcok Horrible living conditions

Home Front Total War – demanded huge sacrifices on the part of civilians Many foods, rubber (tires), fuel and metal were rationed Victory gardens

New Jobs for Women Women’s employment shifted from service sector to the civil and industrial sectors Work with munitions and chemicals Also act as train conductors, bank tellers, fire fighters and construction workers Acted as nurses at home and at the front Wages were lower though they demanded equal pay

Women’s changing role After the war, women were forced out of their jobs to make room for the returning men Women began to wear pants Women refused to work for same wages, they did men’s work…they deserve men’s pay

Tragedies of the War: The Home Front Incredibly high death rate Amputations, burns and shell shock horrify public Pop culture reflects change – poems of despair, changes in song lyrics

Paris Peace Conference Peace of Justice Big Four PM David Lloyd George President Georges Clemenceau President Vittorio Orlando President Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points

Paris Peace Conference Peace of Vengeance Italy and Britain wanted territory France wanted to punish Germany Italy and US left, leaving peace settlement to France and Britain

Treaty of Versailles with Germany France and Britain created a severe treaty that punished Germay Germany had to: Return Alsace-Lorrain region to France Keep area near France, called Rhineland, demilitarized Pay war reparations of 32 billion dollars Agree to war guilt clause

The New Europe Treaties similar to Germany’s signed with other Central Powers Many countries experienced a change in their borders Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia lost territory Many new countries were created

Propaganda

Propaganda

Top Ten Things You Should Know About WWI MAIN causes of World War I “Powder Keg of Europe” - The Balkans Schlieffen Plan Eastern/Western Fronts Trench Warfare and New Technology Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (U-boats)

Top Ten Things You Should Know About WWI Total War and Role of Women during the War Russia’s withdrawal Peace proceedings (Peace of Justice vs. Peace of Vengence, Big Four, Effect on Europe) Legacy of Great War