Empirical advances in studying relational networks Shane McLoughlin University of Chichester s.mcloughlin@chi.ac.uk Ian Stewart National University of Ireland, Galway ian.stewart@nuigalway.ie

Introduction Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Establishing SAME, DIFFERENT, and OPPOSITE responding between derived relations. Experiment 2 Deriving contextual cue functions in non-coordinate relational networks. How presentation will benefit audience: Adult learners are more interested in a subject if they know how or why it is important to them. Presenter’s level of expertise in the subject: Briefly state your credentials in this area, or explain why participants should listen to you.

Experiment 1 4 adult participants (M = 23.5, SD = 2.65) with no previously diagnosed specific learning difficulties Participants were not required to complete the experiment in one sitting If they did not complete the experiment in one sitting, they were re-exposed to all previous stages to make sure existing repertoires were still intact The experiment was delivered on a touch-screen laptop using software programmed in MS Visual Basic Lesson descriptions should be brief.

Stimuli 5 arbitrary shapes in black and white as contextual cues Several hundred coloured shape stimuli 10 coloured pictures Several hundred 3 letter nonsense syllables Example objectives At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Save files to the team Web server. Move files to different locations on the team Web server. Share files on the team Web server.

Procedure Sessions lasted between 1.5 and 2 hours each Training involved providing corrective feedback (“CORRECT” or “WRONG” displayed for 1.5 seconds) No feedback during test blocks. 3 phases: Phase 1: Stages 1-6 Non-arbitrary relational training and testing Phase 2: Stages 7-9 Non-arbitrary relating relational networks training and testing Phase 3: Stage 10 Arbitrary relating relational networks testing

Phase 1: Stages 1-4 Delayed matching to sample Required to answer 16 trials correctly in a row to pass training, or a block of 16 trials with no errors to pass testing Stage 1: Matching – always the “SAME” cue Stage 2: Both the “SAME” and “DIFFERENT” cues appeared Stage 3: SAME/DIFFERENT with pictures Stage 4: “SAME” and “OPPOSITE” based on shading

Phase 1: Stages 5-6 Stage 5: YES/NO training Relational Evaluation Procedure (REP) Stage 6: “SAME”, “DIFFERENT”, and “OPPOSITE” REP

Phase 2: Stage 7 Stage 7: SAME/DIFFERENT relating of non-arbitrary relations of same and different REP Stage 7r: Extra stimulus control

Phase 2: Stages 8-9 Stage 8: SAME/DIFFERENT relating of non-arbitrary relations of same, different, and opposite REP Stage 8r: Extra stimulus control Stage 9: SAME/DIFFERENT/OPPOSITE relating of non-arbitrary relations of same, different, and opposite REP Stage 9r: Extra stimulus control

Phase 3 Stage 10: SAME/DIFFERENT/OPPOSITE relating of arbitrary derived relations of same, different, and opposite REP

Experiment 2 3 adult participants who successfully completed the critical test from Experiment 1 Participants were not required to complete the experiment in one sitting If they did not complete the experiment in one sitting, they were re-exposed to all previous stages to make sure existing repertoires were still intact The experiment was delivered on a touch-screen laptop using software programmed in MS Visual Basic Lesson descriptions should be brief.

Stimuli 10 new arbitrary pictures to be established as contextual cues Example objectives At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Save files to the team Web server. Move files to different locations on the team Web server. Share files on the team Web server.

Procedure All 3 participants were trained and tested in one session. P1 (4 hours) P2 (2 hours) P4 (2.5 hours) 3 Phases Phase 0 to ensure that the repertoire from Exp 1 was still in place Phase 1 (Stages 1-5) focused on establishing contextual cues through TOF via SAME and OPPOSITE cues Phase 2 (Stages 6-8) focused on establishing contextual cues in the context of relating relational networks

Phase 0 (i) Testing SAME/DIFFERENT/OPPOSITE relating of arbitrary derived relations of same, different, and opposite (Stage 10 of Experiment 1) (ii) Testing SAME/DIFFERENT/OPPOSITE relating of non-arbitrary derived relations of same, different, and opposite (Stage 9b of Experiment 1) (iii) Training SAME/DIFFERENT/OPPOSITE relating of non-arbitrary derived relations of same, different, and opposite (Stage 9a of Experiment 1)

Phase 1: Stage 1-3 Testing SAME_1, SAME_2, SAME_3, OPPOSITE_1, OPPOSITE_2, and OPPOSITE_3 (60 trials, 10 iterations each; non-arbitrary REP) SAME_1 training and testing REP OPPOSITE_1 training and testing REP

Phase 1: Stage 4 Testing for arbitrary mutual entailment using nonsense syllables REP Testing for arbitrary combinatorial entailment using nonsense syllables REP

Phase 1: Stage 5-6 Establishing SAME_2 and SAME_3 Establishing OPPOSITE_2 and OPPOSITE_3 Re-exposure to Stage 1 non- arbitrary test

Phase 2: Stage 7-8 Exposure to modified Stage 1 (SAME_4, SAME_5, OPPOSITE_4, and OPPOSITE_5 added; 50 trial test, 5 iterations each) Stage 7: Establishing SAME_4 and SAME_5 Stage 8: Establishing OPPOSITE_4 and OPPOSITE_5 Re-exposure to modified Stage 1

Novel Effects General Further demonstration of the utility of the REP for multiple exemplar training and precision teaching Demonstration of non-coordinate relating of relational networks Experiment 1 Establishing SAME, DIFFERENT, and OPPOSITE responding between arbitrary derived relations. Establishing differentiation of DIFFERENT and OPPOSITE as inter-relational responses Experiment 2 Deriving contextual cue functions via coordinate and non-coordinate relational networks. Deriving contextual cue functions via coordinate and non-coordinate relations between relational networks

Relation 1 Inter-relation Relation 2 SAME Appendix 1: Trial types from Experiment 1, Stage 10. Relation 1 Inter-relation Relation 2 Correct answer SAME YES DIFFERENT NO OPPOSITE

Stage Relation 1 Inter-relation Relation 2 Correct answer 7 8 Appendix 2: Trial types for establishing cue functions in Experiment 2, Stages 7 and 8. Stage Relation 1 Inter-relation Relation 2 Correct answer 7 SAME/SAME SAME SAME/novelSAME1 YES   OPPOSITE OPPOSITE/novelSAME2 SAME/OPPOSITE SAME/novelSAME2 OPPOSITE/novelSAME1 NO 8 SAME/novelOPPOSITE1 OPPOSITE/novelOPPOSITE2 SAME/novelOPPOSITE2 OPPOSITE/novelOPPOSITE1

Empirical advances in studying relational networks Shane McLoughlin University of Chichester s.mcloughlin@chi.ac.uk Ian Stewart National University of Ireland, Galway ian.stewart@nuigalway.ie