LATIN PRONOUNS

THE BASICS Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders The i in the -ius actually stands for a double-consonant in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EY-yus, HUY-yus and CUY-yus. In other pronouns the –i is a vowel and may be either short or long, taking the stress in the latter case – e.g. illius/illīus, pronounced either il-li-us oril-lī-us These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular –us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two)

is, ea, id (singular) Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) Canem spectat (He looks at the dog)

is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam Genitive Dative Ablative

is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam Genitive eius Dative Ablative

is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam Genitive eius Dative eī Ablative

is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam Genitive eius Dative eī Ablative eō eā

is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs Genitive Dative Ablative

is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs Genitive eōrum eārum Dative Ablative

is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs Genitive eōrum eārum Dative eīs (or iīs) Ablative

is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs Genitive eōrum eārum Dative eīs (or iīs) Ablative

īdem, eadem, idem A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ *eumdem > eundem *eōrumdem > eōrundem Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter *isdem > īdem (long vowel) *iddem > idem (short vowel)

īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem Genitive Dative Ablative

īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem Genitive eiusdem Dative Ablative

īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem Genitive eiusdem Dative eīdem Ablative

īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem Genitive eiusdem Dative eīdem Ablative eōdem eādem

īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem Genitive Dative Ablative

īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem Genitive eōrundem eārundem Dative Ablative

īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem Genitive eōrundem eārundem Dative eīsdem Ablative

īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem Genitive eōrundem eārundem Dative eīsdem Ablative

hic, haec, hoc The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: *hamc > hanc The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative and accusative plural are identical – haec The nominative singular/accusative neuter hoc, which derives from earlier hodce, is still pronounced with a double c before a word beginning with a vowel and so is always a long syllable despite its short vowel. The masculine nominative hic is usually also pronounced with a double `c’ by analogy.

The pronoun is nonetheless weird enough for many people to take it as a bit of a joke. The illustration is from Book 1 of Oulton’s So You Really Want to Learn Latin

hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc Genitive huius Dative Ablative

hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc Genitive huius Dative huic Ablative

hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc Genitive huius Dative huic Ablative hōc hāc

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās Genitive hōrum hārum Dative Ablative

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās Genitive hōrum hārum Dative hīs Ablative

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās Genitive hōrum hārum Dative hīs Ablative

ille, illa, illud (singular) Basic meaning is `that’, but also means `the former’ (contrasting with hic for `the latter’) Endings are almost all regular, except for the masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille, illud) and the pronominal –īus and –ī for genitive and dative singular This word is the origin for the definite article and the words for he and she in most Romance languages

ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam Genitive illīus Dative Ablative

ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam Genitive illīus Dative illī Ablative

ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam Genitive illīus Dative illī Ablative illō illā

ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās Genitive illōrum illārum Dative Ablative

ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās Genitive illōrum illārum Dative illīs Ablative

ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās Genitive illōrum illārum Dative illīs Ablative

iste, ista, istud The basic meaning is `that’, in the sense of distant from the speaker but probably near the person being spoken to. It can often be translated as `that…of yours’, with the implication that the object or person described is worthless. Iste amīcus mē minimē dēlectat. (I don’t at all like that friend of yours) The endings are exactly the same as those of ille

iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam Genitive istīus Dative Ablative

iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam Genitive istīus Dative istī Ablative

iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam Genitive istīus Dative istī Ablative istō istā

iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās Genitive istōrum istārum Dative Ablative

iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās Genitive istōrum istārum Dative istīs Ablative

iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās Genitive istōrum istārum Dative istīs Ablative

THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (ipse, ipsa, ipsum) This pronoun (translatable as himself, herself, itself, themselves etc.) must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive pronoun (sē, sibi etc.) which is translated into English in exactly the same way. The emphatic pronoun is used simply in order to emphasise another word, NOT to show that the action done by the subject `bends back’ (the meaning of `reflexive’) to affect that subject. Caesar ipse Cicerōnem laudat (The action done by Caesar affects Cicero, not Caesar) Caesar himself praises Cicero Caesar sē laudat (Caesar’s action affects Caesar, not someone else) Caesar praises himself The endings are the same as those of ille or iste, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (ipsum) and thus identical with the regular endings of an –us, -a, -um adjective except for the masculine nominative singular (ipse) and the typical pronominal endings –ius and –ī in the genitive and dative singular respectively

ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsam Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsam Genitive ipsīus Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsam Genitive ipsīus Dative ipsī Ablative

ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsam Genitive ipsīus Dative ipsī Ablative ipsō ipsā

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās Genitive ipsōrum ipsārum Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās Genitive ipsōrum ipsārum Dative ipsīs Ablative

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās Genitive ipsōrum ipsārum Dative ipsīs Ablative

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (quī, quae, quod) This pronoun (translatable as who, which, whose, that etc.) is used in order to add to a sentence an additional statement about a noun. The pronoun’s case depends on its function within its own clause, and its number and gender upon the noun it refers to. Rēgīna, quae heri advēnit, nihil dīxit Rēgīna, quam heri vīdimus, nihil dīxit Rēgīnae, quibus dōna dedimus, nihil dīxērunt The endings are virtually the same as those of hic with the c left off, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quod), the masculine singular accusative (quem) and the alternative dative and ablative plural (quibus). Another peculiarity is the spelling with initial c rather than q in the genitive and dative singular (cuius, cui) The interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions, is identical to the relative pronoun except for the masculine and feminine nominative singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quid). The masculine accusative singular quem is also normally used for the feminine also. This pronoun can also be used with the meaning `anyone/someone’ or `anything/something’ (normally aliquis, aliquid) after sī, nisi, num and nē Quis pecūniam cēpit? Quid dīxistī? Cuius liber est in mēnsā? Sī quis silvam intrābit, interficiētur Timeō nē quis dē integritāte meā dubitet The interrogative adjective, which has to be used in a phrase with a noun, has exactly the same forms as the relative pronoun. Quī discipulus fenestram frēgit? Quōs librōs lēgistī?

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (a certain….) is used adjectivally like a stronger form of the indefinite article (a, an) to introduce a person or thing not mentioned before. It is formed by adding the suffix –dam to the relative pronoun and, as with īdem/eadem/idem, a final m becomes n in front of d (e.g. *quōrumdam > quōrundam). If used as a pronoun, the neuter nom./acc. becomes quiddam (= a certain thing) Homō quīdam dēscendēbat Hierosolymā in Iericho. Ad urbem quandam pervēnērunt. Caesar mihi quiddam dedit. The pronoun aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (someone, something) follows the pattern of the interrogative pronoun except that –a (i.e. the regular ending in –us, -am –um adjectives like bonus) is used in the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative and accusative plural. Aliquid bibere vīs? Do you want to drink something? Servī aliqua ā vīllā portābant. The slaves were fetching some things from the villa. Quisquam/quisquam/quicquam (anyone, anything), which is used in negative sentences, is formed by adding the suffix –quam to the interrogative pronoun. The final d in the neuter nominative/accusative singular changes to c. Quemquam nōn vīdī. I didn’t see anybody. The indefinite pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque (quīque/quaeque/ quodque as an adjective), meaning each one, also follows the same pattern but has a separate form in –ae for the nominative singular feminine. Note that the ablative singular masculine/ neuter (quōque) is distinguished by the long ō from quoque (also). Quōque diē Saturnī convenīmus. We meet every Saturday. Cuīque dōnum dedit. He gave a present to each one.

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS (concluded) Finally, the pronoun quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (whoever, whatever etc.) follows the pattern of the relative pronoun quī/quae/quod In quamcumque domum intraveritis, primum dicite: Pax huic domui In whatever house you have entered, first say `Peace to this house!’ Quīcumque hunc ānulum diabolicum adeptus erit, magnam clādem patiētur. Whoever has gained possession of this devilish ring will suffer a great disaster.

quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam Genitive Dative Ablative

quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam Genitive cuius Dative Ablative

quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam Genitive cuius Dative cui Ablative

quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam Genitive cuius Dative cui Ablative quō quā

quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae Accusative quōs quās Genitive Dative Ablative

quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae Accusative quōs quās Genitive quōrum quārum Dative Ablative

quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae Accusative quōs quās Genitive quōrum quārum Dative quīs/quibus Ablative

quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae Accusative quōs quās Genitive quōrum quārum Dative quīs/quibus Ablative

EGO, TŪ and SĒ Whilst the English pronouns I and you are often the subject of sentences, ego and tū are not, because their meaning is contained already in the verb endings. The Latin pronouns are therefore generally only used in the nominative when special emphasis is required: . Caesarem in templō saepe videō. I often see Caesar in the temple Ego Caesarem in templō saepe videō I often see Caesar in the temple Computātrum frēgistī You broke the computer. Tū computātrum frēgistī You broke the computer The retroflex pronoun sē is used for referring back to the subject when the same person or thing is both performing an action and affected by it. It has to be translated himself, herself, itself or themselves, according to context, and must be distinguished from ipse, which is translated in the same way but used only to emphasise another word. The genitive of these words is not used for simple possession, which is instead expressed by the adjectives meus, tuus and suus Quis librum meum abstulit? Who took my book away? Petrus servōs meōs emere volēbat Peter wanted to buy my slaves Maria amīcās suās invitāvit Mary invited her own friends All these pronouns have the ablative singular and accusative singular ending in -e, whilst tū and sē are similar to each other throughout the singular Latin has no special words for myself, yourself etc. and simply uses mē, tē etc. Tē pulsāvī I hit you - Mē pulsāvī I hit myself

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi/mihī tibi/tibī sibi/sibī Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi/mihī tibi/tibī sibi/sibī Ablative

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you themselves Nominative nōs vōs - Accusative sē Genitive Dative Ablative

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you themselves Nominative nōs vōs - Accusative sē Genitive nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum suī Dative sibi/sibī Ablative

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you themselves Nominative nōs vōs - Accusative sē Genitive nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Ablative