Skeletal System of the Plant World

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Presentation transcript:

Skeletal System of the Plant World Stems Skeletal System of the Plant World

Stem Functions Support leaves Transportation of water, nutrients, carbohydrates Storage – water or starch in parenchyma of cortex Protection – thorns, thick bark Photosynthesis – green stems Differences between species are adaptations to environment.

Stem Structure Nodes – points of 1 or more leaf attachment Internodes – segments between nodes Node usually also has 1 or more lateral buds Tip of stem has terminal bud Bud – contains apical meristem covered by bud scales that leave scars when bud opens Stem Structure

Specialized Stems Stolons – horizontal, above ground (“runners” of strawberry plants) – spread to form new plants Tubers – storage of starch (potatoes) Rhizomes – horizontal underground stems – also spread to form new plants Cacti – storage of water, photosynthesis

Stem Growth Gymnosperms & Dicots Primary – from apical meristems when bud opens. Secondary – from lateral meristems In woody plants: Vascular cambium in vascular bundles eventually unites to form vascular cylinder. Secondary xylem (wood) forms toward inside, secondary phloem toward outside. Stem Growth Gymnosperms & Dicots

Woody Stem in Cross-section Older xylem gets clogged, darker = heartwood Functional light-colored wood = sapwood Bark = cork, cork cambium, & phloem Woody Stem in Cross-section

Woody Stem in Cross-section Springwood = wide, thin-walled xylem produced in spring when water is plentiful. Summerwood = narrower, thick-walled xylem produced in summer when less water is available. Production ceases when photosynthesis slows/stops for winter. Annual ring/growth ring = 1 year’s xylem consisting of a layer of springwood and a layer of summerwood. (absent where water is abundant year-round).

Transportation within Stem Translocation = Carbohydrates moved from source (where made or have been stored) to sink (where used or to be stored). Pressure-flow hypothesis – carbohydrate movement Cohesion-tension theory – water movement

Pressure-Flow Hypothesis Carbs move into sieve tubes of phloem Water follows via osmosis (why?) Pressure builds at source Process reversed at sink Dissolved carbs move from high pressure to low pressure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b6dvKgWBVY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsY8j8f54I0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHUrQ6qKpxQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I8ZijaOX9M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8RtpC5RgbI

Cohesion-tension Theory Transpiration - Water constantly evaporating through leaves. Roots drawing in water create high pressure. Transpiration creates low pressure at leaves, tension on water column. Water pulled through xylem by polar water molecules’ attraction to each other (cohesion) Attraction of water molecules to xylem walls = adhesion, keeps water column from breaking. Combination of these results in upward movement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTrFKPaOpm8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BickMFHAZR0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t14KGGWtn4M Cohesion-tension Theory

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