Toxicology

Pharmacodynamics The study of changes caused by a drug on a person, and how a chemical can affect the internal functions of an organism. Some bind to a molecule or cell. Some destroy tissues, or replace needed nutrients or vitamins Lipitor e.g. Chemotherapies

Pharmacokinetics How the body acts on the drug How body removes drug Metabolites /effects on body Metabolism variations LIVER main site for metabolism Enzymes as coded for different chemicals

Medicine or drug Difference? Medicines are natural or synthetic Poisons-kill cells: called cytotoxins Poisons can be drugs, drugs can be poisons Bella donna e.g.

Would kill 50% of population Condition dependent Lethal Dose value LD 50 is Lethal Dose Value Would kill 50% of population Condition dependent Varies from one segment of pop to another

Table 13. 2. 1. LD50 Values for various common chemical and drugs Table 13.2.1. LD50 Values for various common chemical and drugs. Substance LD50 * Water 90,000 Sugar (Sucrose) 29,700 Table Salt (NaCl) 3,000 Aspirin Toxicity 1,750 Detergent 1,260 Ethanol 1,000 Morphine 500 Caffeine 200 Heroin 150 Lead 20 Cocaine 17.5 Cyanide 10 Nicotine 2 Strychnine 0.8 Batrachotoxin† 0.002 Tetanus Botulina 0.000001 LD50 values

Absorption Inhalation Ingestion Mucus membrane contact Injection- variety of types dependent on depth of injection- layer

Blood Brain Barrier and ? What is it? What role does it play in absorption or diffusion into brain? Metabolism Elimination

Corrosive poisons- acids, bases Cyanide Mercury Arsenic Dioxin Nerve gas Carbon monoxide

Cases Who was Stella Nickell? Napoleon death