Plants Chapter 8

What are Plants? 1. Plants are: Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell walls (made of cellulose) Mostly autotrophs

What are Plants? 2. In order to survive on land: Sunlight Water and Minerals Gas Exchange Movement of water and Nurtients

What are Plants? 3. The first plants evolved from an organism much like the mutlicellular green algae living today.

What are Plants? 4. Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on: Water-conducting tissue (Vascular Tissue) Seeds Flowers

BotanY The study of plants.

What are Plants? Vascular Tissue: System of tube-like structures inside a plant which water, minerals and food move.

Plant Kingdom - Plantae Using Figure 22-7, answer the following questions. Largest Group: Flowering Plants Smallest Group: Cone-bearing plants Mosses and relatives : 15, 600 species

Plant Groups

Bryophytes Vascular Tissue: No vascular tissue Where: Moist, shaded areas (polar to tropics) Reproduction: Sexual reproduction - water required Examples: Mosses, liverworts and hornworts

Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular Tissue: Have vascular tissue Where: Moist woodlands and forest floors Reproduction: Sexual reproduction Examples: Club mosses, horsetails and ferns

Gymnosperm – Cone Bearers Gymnosperm = “naked seed” Vascular Tissue: Have vascular tissue Where: Tropics and subtropics, mountains, sandy soil and temperate rain forests Reproduction: Sexual reproduction Examples: Gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes and conifers Gymnosperm = “naked seed”

Angiosperm – Flowering Plants Vascular Tissue: Have vascular tissue Where: Almost anywhere Reproduction: Sexual reproduction – With Flowers Examples: Zinnias, apple trees, corn wheat, lilies and roses

Parts of a Plant

Parts of a Plant Taller plants have a transport system called vascular tissue that allowed them to quickly transport water and nutrients. Vascular tissue: System of tubelike structures inside a plant which water, minerals and food move.

Parts of a Plant Two forms of vascular tissue: Xylem: Transport Water Phloem: Transport Food

Parts of a Plant 3. Plants without vascular tissue don’t grow as tall because the vascular tissue adds stability. No vascular tissue = less stable

4.Parts of a Flower

Part of a Plant Function Stems Support system, transport system and defense system for a plant Roots Anchors the plant to the ground and absorbs water and nutrient Leaves Main photosynthetic system - Broad, flat leaves increase surface area for absorbing sun Flowers Reproductive organs

Fern Part of Fern Description Rhizome Underground stems Frond Large leaves Sori Clusters of sporangia (where spores are kept) Roots Underground system to collect water and nutrients

Seeded Plants Gymnosperms: bear seeds directly on the surface of cones 7. Seeded plants are divided into two groups: Gymnosperms: bear seeds directly on the surface of cones Example: cycads and conifers Angiosperm: bear their seeds within a layer of protective tissue Example: Lilies and apple trees

Alteration of Generations 8. Process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycle.

Seeded Plants 9. Unlike mosses and ferns (seedless plants), seeded plants do not require water. (for fertilization)

Seeded Plants 10. Seed-bearing structures on: Gymnosperm: Cones Angiosperm: Flowers

Seeded Plants 11. Pollen grain: In seed plants, the entire male gametophyte is contained in this structure. 12. Pollination occurs by wind, insects or small animals carrying the pollen.

Insect Pollination

Seeded Plants 13. Seed coats are important because they surround or protect the seeds from drying out.

Seeded Plants 14. Male cones in gymnosperms are called pollen cones. 15.Female cones of a gymnosperm are called seed cones. 16. We typically think of the seed cones (female).

Female Male

Seeded Plants 17. The most common gymnosperm is the conifer.

Flowering Plants: Angiosperms

Flowering Plants 18. Flowering plants have the advantage of using flowers to attract pollinators: Animals (Bees, moths, and hummingbirds) 19. Angiosperm means “ enclosed seed”.

20. The fruit of an angiosperm is a wall of tissue surrounding the seed. Evolutionary adaptation: Animals eat the fruit, but “pass” the seeds right out. So….easy dispersal! Flowering Plants

Flowering Plant 21. There are two groups of angiosperms: Monocotyledonae also known as Monocots Dicotyledonae also known as Dicots

Monocots and Dicots

Monocot or Dicot? Monocot = 6 leaves

Monocot = Parallel Veins Monocot or Dicot? Monocot = Parallel Veins

Monocot or Dicot? Dicot = Branched Veins

Monocot or Dicot? Dicot = Two Cotyledons

Monocot or Dicot? Monocot = Fibrous Root