AP Human Geography Theoretical Model Review Mr. Stepek

Unit 1: Basic Geographic Concepts

Five Themes of Geography How do I remember this analytical structure? Use an acronym MR LIP! Location Place Region Movement Interaction

Location geospatial technologies Differentiate between global positioning systems (GPS) GIS, remote sensing, fieldwork, census data, online data, aerial photography, and satellite imagery, quantitative vs. qualitative data absolute vs. relative location

Place site (physical/demographic characteristics, land, labor, capital) situation (why is this important? How is it connected to other places?)

Toponyms FIGURE 6-21

Distance Decay and the Gravity Model ½ of Gravity Model Gravity Model (measures interconnectedness, for example migration between cities)

Gravity Model in action If you were relocating from Peoria, would you choose NYC or Chicago? Chicago due to distance If you were relocating from Peoria, would you choose Chicago or St. Louis? Chicago due to size

Region differentiate between types of regions formal/uniform = common characteristics (political units etc.)

Region differentiate between types of regions Functional/nodal = region serves a purpose (e.g. hinterland in CPT)

Region differentiate between types of regions Perceptual/vernacular = indefinite, based on perceptions (neighborhoods)

Region understand the regions of the world and their general demographic and development characteristics

Movement = Diffusion Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Stimulus Diffusion = the underlying concept is adopted but not the final product. Significant changes are made.

Human – Environmental Interaction Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape” agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment Agricultural hearths root plants = SE Asia seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica Experiments occur in lands of plenty Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

FIGURE 10-2

Human – Environmental Interaction Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape” agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment Agricultural hearths root plants = SE Asia seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica Experiments occur in lands of plenty concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Uniform Landscape = Placelessness

Human – Environmental Interaction Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape” agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment Agricultural hearths root plants = SE Asia seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica Experiments occur in lands of plenty concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world Environmental determinism vs. possibilism Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Unit 2: Population and Migration

Demographic Transition (Thompson) Shift in population growth typically experienced by countries as they develop (HDI and GII) Gender, gender, gender!!!!!!! Population pyramids Dependency ratios Epidemiological transition Demographic trap Demographic momentum Migration transition (Zelinsky) Demographic indicators CBR, CDR, NIR (RNI), ZPG, TFR, IMR, life expectancy Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Malthus on overpopulation Population grows exponentially Food supplies grow arithmetically Population will overtake supply leading to famine The poor are responsible for their plight because they have too many children Famines and disease will be a check on their population Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Malthusian updated Critics Neo-Malthusians Pop. growth → more hands in intensive farming ↑ food – Boserup More pop. → more minds → more innovation to solve problems – Kuznets there’s enough but it’s not distributed fairly - Marxists Green Revolution Starts in US Midwest Higher yield seeds GMOs Better fertilizer, machines Biggest impact: India, China Demographic trap (LDCs) and other resource depletion (water, energy) Density measures Arithmetic Physiological Agricultural Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

TABLE 2-1

Migration Transition (Zelinsky) Migration patterns linked to stages of demographic transition Stage 2 Rapid population growth Interregional migration “urbanization” Internat’l out-migration Stage 3 and 4 Maturing economies slower urbanization suburbanization Internat’l in-migration Great Migration Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

FIGURE 7-10

Migration Transition (Zelinsky) Migration patterns linked to stages of demographic transition Stage 2 Rapid population growth Interregional migration “urbanization” Internat’l out-migration Stage 3 and 4 Maturing economies slower urbanization Intra = suburbanization Internat’l in-migration Great Migration Brain drain Guest workers Counterurbanization Major immigration flows Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Major Global Migration Flows (before 1950)

FIGURE 3-5

FIGURE 3-7

FIGURE 3-22

Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration” Terms Each migration flow has a return or “countermigration” Mostly short distance Longer distance migrants to big cities Urban residents are less migratory Young single males more likely than families circulation vs. migration Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration” Terms Each migration flow has a return or “countermigration” Mostly short distance Longer distance migrants to big cities Urban residents are less migratory Young single males more likely than families circulation vs. migration push/pull factors step migration Intervening opportunities/obstacles chain migration immigration waves gravity model (population and distance) Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Sample FRQ Question

Sample FRQ Question Rubric

Sample FRQ Question

Sample FRQ Question Rubric

Sample FRQ Question

Sample FRQ Question Rubric