Figure 3.1. Lead poisoning and risk factors for Durham County block groups. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3.1. (cont.) Predicted lead poisoning risk with overlay of lead poisoning incidents. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3. 2. U. S. Probability of dying by age, sex, and disease group Figure 3.2. U.S. Probability of dying by age, sex, and disease group. From Murray et al. (2006). Reprinted by courtesy of PloS Medicine. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3.3. Epidemiological design. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3. 4. Cancer causation Figure 3.4. Cancer causation. Repeated alteration of genetic material is usually required to cause cancer, and the generally low probability that the necessary alteration will be repeated is affected by the presence of promoter substances and the dosage and duration of carcinogens, as well as the presence of protective nutrients for repair and buffering mechanisms. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Plate 7. White female breast cancer mortality by health service area Plate 7. White female breast cancer mortality by health service area. Map shows health service areas with significantly higher and lower rates than U.S. rate, emphasizing the 80 highest and lowest. From the National Center for Health Statistics, Atlas of United States Mortality (1997). From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Plate 8a. White male heart disease, 1988-1992 Plate 8a. White male heart disease, 1988-1992. Age-adjusted mortality rates by health service areas. Graphs show the range and proportion, or frequency, of rates. Keys show the map mortality expressed as rate per 100,000 population and as a comparative mortality ratio of health service areas to the entire United States. From the National Center for Health Statistics, Atlas of United States Mortality (1997). From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Plate 8b. Black male stroke, 1988-1992 Plate 8b. Black male stroke, 1988-1992. Age-adjusted mortality rates by health service areas. Graphs show the range and proportion, or frequency, of rates. Keys show the map mortality expressed as rate per 100,000 population and as a comparative mortality ratio of health service areas to the entire United States. From the National Center for Health Statistics, Atlas of United States Mortality (1997). From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3. 5. Spatial correlograms Figure 3.5. Spatial correlograms. Point and areal (regional) sources of exposure are reflected in different levels of correlation between spatial units when the units are lagged incrementally. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 3.6. Maps of trend surface analysis of ultraviolet light as protective of prostate cancer. (a) Linear trend surface by county observations of ultraviolet light measured by epidemiological index. (b) Linear trend surface by county observations of prostate cancer mortality for white males, aggregated from 1970 to 1979. From Hanchette (1988). Used by permission. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Plate 9. Remotely sensed image of Mount Karisimbi on the border of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo taken in 1978 (left) and 2005 (right). Over the 27-year period between the two pictures, deforestation around protected parkland is noticeable and significant increase in the stripped patterning of the land indicative of agricultural fields. From Google Earth, 2013. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.