Vital Signs Are measurements of the body's most basic functions:

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Presentation transcript:

Vital Signs Are measurements of the body's most basic functions: Body temperature (Temp) Pulse/heart rate (HR) Respiration rate (RR) Blood pressure (BP)

چه زمانی نیاز به کنترل علایم حیاتی است؟ طبق مقررات و پروتکل بیمارستان هر زمانی که شرایط بیمار دچار تغییر شود. قبل وبعد از اعمال جراحی و یا انجام رویه های تهاجمی قبل و بعد از فعالیت هایی که برای بیمار به عنوان خطر به حساب می آید. قبل و بعد از استفاده از داروهایی که میتواند عملکرد قلبی و تنفسی را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد

Assessing Body Temperature The normal range of the body temperature is between 35.9c(96.6f)-37.4c(99.3).

تغییرات مربوط به سن در علایم حیاتی Age Temp. Pulse rate Resp. rate Blood pressure New born 36.8C ° Axillary 80-180 30-80 73/55 1-3 years 37.7 C° rectal 80-140 20-40 90/55 6-8 years 37C ° oral 75-120 15-25 95/75 10 years 75-110 15-20 102/80 Teens 60-100 Adults 120/80 70 years 36C ° oral normally Be up to 160/95

تولید گرما فعالیت های متابولیک(منبع اصلی) ورزش.

اتلاف گرما پوست (محل اصلی) دفع ادرار ،مدفوع،تبخیر،تعریق و...

عوامل موثر بر درجه حرارت سن:افراد خیلی پیر و نوزادان حساسیت بالاتری نسبت به سایر گروه ها در خصوص تغییرات دمای محیط دارند جنس:زنان به دلیل تغییرات هورمونی نوسان بیشتری در درجه حرارت دارند.درزمان تخمک گذاری افزایش پروژسترون منجر به افزایش 0/5 درجه ایی درجه حرارت می شود استرس:روحی و جسمی تغییرات دمای محیط بیماری ریتم 24 ساعته:اوایل صبح درجه حرارت 0/6 پایینتر از عصر،اوج افزایش دمای بدن بین ساعات 4 تا 7 عصر .

نوسانات درجه حرارت بدن درجه حرارت بدن میتواند به صورت نرمال بین 0/3-0/6 از حد طبیعی خود نوسان داشته باشد

افزایش درجه حرارت بدن افزایش درجه حرارت بدن: (pyrexia) افزایش درجه حرارت بیش از 41 درجه سانتیگراد:(hyper pyrexia)

اصطلاحات و تعاریف مربوط به تب ادواری:تغییر درجه حرارت به طور منظم و متناوب از یک (intermittent)دوره تب به حد طبیعی نوسانی :دارای چندین درجه نوسان(بیش از 2 درجه)دمای بدن در این (remittent)نوسانات به حد طبیعی نمی رسد (constant) دائمی: دمای بدن به طور ثابا بالا و نوسانات کمتر از 2 درجه راجعه:دمای بدن برای مدت حداقل یک روز طبیعی و مجددا تب برمی )relapsingگردد( (crisis)کریز یا بحران:درجه حرارت بالای بدن به طور ناگهانی به حد طبیعی میرسد (Lysis)لیز:درجه حرارت بالای بدن به طور تدریجی به حد طبیعی میرسد

علایم و نشانه های افزایش درجه حرارت بدن احساس تشنگی. پوست خشک. سردرد. کم آبی. کاهش اشتها. کاهش برون ده ادراری. تشنج در کودکان.

درمان تب استفاده از داروی ضد تب. حمام آب سرد. کمپرس سرد.

Hypothermia HYPOTHERMIA : it is a body temperature below the normal limit – 34 c°.

Sites for Assessing Temperature Orally (common way). (3 – 5 min) Axillary (safe way). (10 min) Rectal (accurate reading). (2 – 3 min) Tympanic membrane.

Average Normal Temperature for Healthy Adults C°/ F° Oral Rectal Axillary Centigrade 37.0 C° 37.5 C° 36.5 C° Fahrenheit 98.6 F° 99.5 F° 96.6 F°

When we cannot use oral thermometer? The child under 6 years . Unconscious patients . Psychiatric patients . Patient who cannot breath from his nose Mouth surgery or infection . Patient on oxygen mask.

When we cannot use rectal thermometer? With patients who have rectal surgery . With patients who have any rectal disorders. With patient who have cardiac disorders. Decrease in platelets .

Thermometers Electronic thermometer. Glass thermometer. Paper thermometer. Tympanic membrane thermometer.

نبض احساس ضربان ناشی از حرکت موج خون به داخل شریان ها در اثر انقباض بطن چپ کنترل توسط سیستم عصبی خودکار و از طریق گره سینوسی دهلیزی تحریک اعصاب پاراسمپاتیک سبب کاهش ضربان قلب و تحریک سمپاتیک سبب افزایش تعداد ضربان می شود

Pulse Rate The normal heart rate in adult is ( 60 – 100 beat/min.) TACHYCARDIA : is a rapid pulse rate , greater than 100 beat /min. BRADYCARDIA : is a pulse rate below 60 beats / min. in adults.

Factors Contribute to Increase Pulse Rate Pain. Fever. Stress. Exercise . Bleeding. Decrease in blood pressure . Some medications as (adrenalin, aminophylline)

Factors May Slow The Pulse Rest . Increasing age. People with thin body size . Medication as ( digitalis ). Thyroid gland disturbances .

PULSE SITES TEMPORAL PULSE CAROTID PULSE BRACHIAL PULSE RADIAL PULSE FEMORAL PULSE POPLITEAL PULSE POSTERIOR TIBIAL PULSE DORSALIS PULSE Auscultation APICAL PULSE with stethoscope

PULSE SITES

Vital Signs: Pulse (cont.) Locate pulse by pressing lightly with index and middle finger pads at the pulse site Count the number of beats felt in 1 minute If regular – may count beats for 30 seconds and multiply by 2

Vital signs: Pulse (cont.) Regular Pulse Rhythm Irregular Pulse Rhythm Count for 30 seconds, then multiply by 2 (a rate of 35 beats in 30 seconds equals a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute) Count for one full minute May use stethoscope to listen for apical pulse and count for a full minute Click for Sound Click for Sound

NORMAL PULSE PER MINUTE AT VARIOUS AGE Range Average Newborn– 1 month 120 – 160 140 1 month - 12 months 80 – 140 120 12 months – 2 years 80 – 130 110 2 year - 6 year 75 – 120 100 6 year - 12 year 75 – 110 95 Adolescence to adult 60 - 100 80

Respiration حرکت هوا به درون و برون ریه ها (breathing ):تهویه ریوی تنفس خارجی:تبادل اکسیژن و دی اکسید کربن میان حبابچه های ریوی و جریان خون تنفس داخلی:تبادل اکسیژن و دی اکسید کربن میان جریان خون وسلول

Respiration با توجه به تقاضای بدن تغییر می کند توسط مراکز عصبی واقع در بصل النخاع و پل مغزی کنترل می شود افزایش دی اکسید کربن قویترین محرک تنفسی است که منجر به افزایش عمق و تعداد تنفس می شود

1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = 1 respiration Respiratory rate – indication of how well the body provides oxygen to the tissues Check by watching, listening, or feeling movement 1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = 1 respiration

Factors Affecting Respiration Pain. Anxiety. Exercise . Medications . Trauma . Infection. Respiratory and cardiovascular disease . Alteration in fluids, electrolytes, acid- base balances.

Assessing Respirations Inspection. Listening with stethoscope. Monitoring arterial blood gas results. Using a pulse oximeter.

Irregularities – indication of possible disease Respiration Irregularities – indication of possible disease Hyperventilation – excessive rate and depth Dyspnea – difficult or painful breathing Tachypnea – rapid breathing Hyperpnea – abnormally rapid or deep breathing

Vital Signs: Respiration (cont.) Other irregularities Rales (noisy) Constriction or blockage of bronchial passages Pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, or other pulmonary disease Cheyne-Stokes respirations Periods of increasing and decreasing depth of respiration between periods of apnea Strokes, head injuries, brain tumors, congestive heart failure Apnea – absence of breathing

Vital Signs: Respiration (cont.) Normal Respiratory Rates (26-40) (20-30) (18-24) (16-24) (12-20) (12-24) NOTE: Ranges reflect breaths per minute

Patterns of Respiration Desperation Normal 12 – 20 breath / minute Tachypnea 24b / min سطحی Bradypnea 10 b / min منظم Hyperventilation Increased rate and depth Hypoventilation Decreased rate and depth Irregular

Blood Pressure Blood pressure: is the force required by the heart to pump blood from the ventricles of the heart into the arteries. It is measured in systolic and diastolic pressure.

Vital Signs: Blood Pressure (cont.) 120/80 Systolic Pressure Contraction of left ventricle Top or first number Diastolic Pressure Heart at rest Bottom or second number

Vital Signs: Blood Pressure (cont.) Normal for some people Severely low blood pressure readings occur with: Shock Heart failure Severe burns Excessive bleeding Hypertension Hypotension High blood pressure readings Major contributor to heart attacks and strokes

Blood Pressure (Cont’d) Systolic : is known as the force to pump blood out of the heart. Diastolic: it is known as relaxation period of the heart pump (ventricles ) Blood pressure = systolic pressure / diastolic pressure. The normal BP is 120/ 80 mmHg.

Blood Pressure (Cont’d) Hypertension: it means high blood pressure. Factors increasing blood pressure : Increasing age . Obese person . Emotions as anger, fear . Tension . Exercise . Food intake. Illness. Medications.

Blood Pressure (Cont’d) Hypotension: it means low blood pressure Factors that reduce blood pressure : severe blood loss ( bleeding ) burns . vomiting . Diarrhea. medications

Equipment for Assessing Blood Pressure Stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. Doppler ultrasound. Electronic or digital devices.

The End