Nuclear Plant Operations 101 December 1, 2010 Vijay K. Sazawal, Ph.D. Director, Government Programs Disclaimer: Views expressed in the presentation are attributable solely to the author

Restricted Proprietary Information Presentation Global Nuclear Power Map and Market Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front end Back end Power Reactors Nuclear Power Plants in operation Light Water Reactors (LWRs) Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Application of Export Controls Definition of key terms Departmental delineation When in doubt….. Closing remarks Restricted Proprietary Information

Global Nuclear Map and Market 30 Countries with 438 total units operating U.S.: 104 (20%) France: 58 (78%) Japan: 53 (27%) Russia: 31 (17%) Canada: 21 (15%) S. Korea: 20 (37%) Germany: 17 (27%) 50 Reactors in construction in 13 countries 68 Countries considering nuclear power, nearly half seriously Key markets for U.S. companies include China, India, Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Vietnam, UAE and U.K. Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Nuclear Fuel Cycle Restricted Proprietary Information

Front End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Mining (Uranium Ore) Milling (“Yellowcake”/Uranium Oxide) Conversion (UF6) Enrichment (LEU) Fuel Fabrication/Assembly Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Nuclear Enrichment Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Fuel Assemblies PWR FUEL BWR FUEL Restricted Proprietary Information

Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Interim storage Spent fuel processing Repository Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Interim Wet Storage Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Interim Dry Storage Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Reprocessing COEX PUREX Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Repository - WIPP Restricted Proprietary Information

Repository – Yucca Mountain Restricted Proprietary Information

Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation Reactor Type Main Countries Number GWe Fuel Coolant Moderator Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) US, France, Japan, Russia, China 265 251.6 Enriched UO2 Water Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) US, Japan, Sweden 94 86.4 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor ‘CANDU’ (PHWR) Canada 44 24.3 Natural UO2 Heavy Water Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR & Magnox) UK 18 10.8 Natural U (metal) CO2 Graphite Light Water Graphite Reactor (RBMK) Russia 12 12.3 Fast Neutron Reactor (FBR) Japan, Russia 2 1.0 PuO2 and UO2 Liquid Sodium None Source: Nuclear Engineering International Handbook 2010 Restricted Proprietary Information

Light Water Reactors (LWRs) Restricted Proprietary Information

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information PWR Steam Generator Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information PWR Coolant Pump Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information BWR Reactor System Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Balance of Plant (BoP) Restricted Proprietary Information

Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs Restricted Proprietary Information

Small Nuclear Power Reactors IAEA defines “small” as under 300 MWe Renewed interest in small reactors partly in response to high capital cost of large power reactors Lends to modular construction and incremental additions in capacity Assessment by IAEA in 2009 concluded that there could be 43-96 small modular reactors (SMRs) in operation by 2030 Other countries are likely to build and operate SMRs ahead of the U.S. Russia will commission a floating nuclear plan (35 MWe PWR) in 2011 FY 2011 President’s Budget Request included $39M for SMR development DOE exploring public-private partnership to pursue NRC design certification for 1 to 2 SMRs employing LWR technologies Commercial deployment of SMRs expected in the U.S. around 2020 Restricted Proprietary Information

NRC Pre-Application Review of Small Reactors No. Design Applicant Capacity Type Design Certification Application 1. NuScale NuScale Power, Inc. 160 MWt/45 MWe PWR 1Q CY 2012 2. Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) PBMR (Pty.), Ltd. 400 MWt/165 MWe HTR FY 2013 3. Super-Safe Small & Simple (4S) Toshiba 30MWt/10 MWe LMR 2Q CY 2012 4. Hyperion Power Module (HPM) Hyperion Power Generation, Inc. 70MWt/25 MWe MSR N/A 5. Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM) GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy 840MWt/311 MWe 6. mPower Babcock & Wilcox Company 400MWt/125MWe 4Q CY 2012 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium General Atomics-OKBM 600MWt/285 MWe HTR N/A Reactor (GT-MHR) Energy Multiplier Module General Atomics 250 MWe HFR N/A (EM2) Traveling Wave Reactor TerraPower, LLC Restricted Proprietary Information HTR N/A

Application of Export Controls Definition of Key Terms Source Materials: Material in any physical or chemical form or ores that contain by weight 0.05 percent or more of uranium or thorium (or in combination). Depleted uranium (left over from uranium enrichment) is considered a source material Source Material Licensing: 10 CFR Part 40 Special Nuclear Material (SNM): Plutonium, Uranium-233, Uranium enriched in the isotopes U-233 or U-235. Pu and U-233 do not occur naturally SNM Licensing: 10 CFR Part 70 By Product Material: Non-SNM material that is radioactive and produced either by fission process or by using SNM. Examples are Tritium (H-3), Carbon-14, Flourine-18, Cobalt-57, Krypton-87, Radium-226 By Product Licensing: 10 CFR Part 30 Restricted Proprietary Information

Nuclear Facilities and Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority Major equipment used in nuclear reactors: Reactor pressure vessel On-line fuel charging and discharging machines Control rod system and drive mechanisms Reactor primary coolant pump Zirconium tubes Reactor internals (NSSS) Major equipment (especially designed or critically important) for following plants: Separation and enrichment of isotopes of uranium and lithium Fabrication of nuclear reactor fuel assemblies Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear reactor fuel Production of heavy water Conversion of uranium and plutonium Production of SNM using accelerator driven systems above 5MWt Restricted Proprietary Information

Nuclear Material Under NRC Export Licensing Material SNM* Source Material* Byproduct Material* Deuterium (heavy water) Nuclear grade graphite Full details in 10 CFR Part 110, including latest updates * Requires NRC Import License Restricted Proprietary Information

Department of Commerce-Bureau of Industry & Security (BIS) Export licenses cover “Dual Use” items BIS export licenses may be required depending on the nature of the item, the country of destination and specific “end-use” Export licenses may apply to major equipment and technology in the Balance of Plant (BoP) High pressure turbines Condensate pumps, valves and motors Main generators and back-up generators Transformers Fire detection and suppression systems I&C used in BoP Radiation detection Telecommunications Tools and maintenance Additional guidance from BIS: www.bis.doc.gov Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information When in Doubt….. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (ITA) Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide: www.ita.doc.gov (202) 482-8245 (202) 482-3851 NRC (10CFR 110) Office of Export Controls and International Programs (301) 415-3684 (301) 415-1780 NNSA (10CFR 810) Office of International Regimes and Agreements (202) 586-0269 (202) 586-3806 DOC (“Dual Use”) Bureau of Industry and Security (202) 482-16414 (202) 482-2180 DOS (“123 Agreements”) Office of Nuclear Energy, Safety and Security (202) 647-4061 (202) 647-3978 Restricted Proprietary Information

Restricted Proprietary Information Closing Remarks U.S. Government Executive Order – National Export Initiative Civil Nuclear Trade Initiative Interagency Working Group Trade Promotion Government – Industry Coordination Civil Nuclear Trade Advisory Committee (CINTAC) Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide Export Control Seminars Industry Briefings Any Questions? Restricted Proprietary Information