Basics of soil geography The lithosphere and the soil as power equipment and hazard 6. Basics of soil geography

1. Soil classification Soil classification of FAO-UNESCO Dominant environmental factors Major Soil Groups Organic soils histosols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by their parent material - Soils developed in expanding clays - Soils developed in residual and shifting sands - Soils developed in volcanic material   vertisols arenosols andosols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by the topography/physiography of the terrain - Soils in elevated regions with non-level topography - Soils in lowlands (wetlands) with level topography fluvisols gleysols regosols leptosols Mineral soils whose formation is conditioned by their limited age (not confined to any particular region) cambisols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by climate: (sub-) humid tropics ferralsols nitisols acrisols alisols lixisols plinthosols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by climate: arid and semi-arid regions solonchaks solonetz gypsisols calcisols durisols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by climate: steppes and steppic regions chernozems kastanozems phaeozems greyzems Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by climate: (sub-) humid temperate regions luvisols podzoluvisols planosols podzols albeluvisols cryosols Mineral soils whose formation was conditioned by human influences (not confined to any particular region) anthrosols technosols Soil classification of FAO-UNESCO

Geographical position of the soil orders (USDA System)

2. Soil Zonality Zonal soils are those in which the climatic factor, acting on the soil for a sufficient length of time, is so strong as to override the influence of any other factor. Intrazonal soils are those in which some local anomaly of relief, parent material or vegetation is sufficiently strong to modify the influence of the regional climate. Azonal or immature soils have poorly differentiated profiles, either because of their youth or bacause some factor of the parent material or environment has arrested their development. Geographical position of the zonal soils

Soil classification system of Hungary The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. Genetic soils of Hungary (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Skeletal soils Distribution of skeletal soils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Stony skeletal soil Gravely skeletal soil Blown soil (Lévai 2000)

Sandy soil Humous sandy soil (Lévai 2000)

Shallow soils influenced by the parent material Distribution of soils influenced by parent material (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Humous-limy soil Rendzina Erubase (Lévai 2000)

Brown forest soils Distribution of brown forest soils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Brown soil with residual lime. Chernozem brown soil Brown soil with residual lime Chernozem brown soil Ramann type brown soil (Lévai 2000)

Brown forest soils with clay illuviation. Podzolic brown soil Brown forest soils with clay illuviation Podzolic brown soil Pseudogleyic brown soil. (Lévai 2000)

„Kovárvány” brown soil Acidic, not podzolic brown soil (Lévai 2000)

Chernozems Distribution of chernozems (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Pseudomyceliar chernozems. Limy chernozems Pseudomyceliar chernozems Limy chernozems Meadow chernozem (LÉVAI 2000)

Salt affected soils Distribution of salt affected sooils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Solonchak. Meadow solonchak Solonchak Meadow solonchak Meadow solonetzes turning into steppe formation (LÉVAI 2000)

Meadow soils Distribution of meadow soils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Solonchak meadow soil Solonetzic meadow soil (Lévai 2000)

Typic meadow soil Peaty meadow soil (LÉVAI 2000)

Peat soils Distribution of peat soils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Swampy peat soil (LÉVAI 2000)

Soils of alluvial and slope sediments Distribution of alluvial soils (www.enfo.agt.bme.hu)

Raw alluvial soil. Humic alluvial soil Raw alluvial soil Humic alluvial soil Soil of slope sediments (LÉVAI 2000))

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