Adesh Khadka Ministry of Finance adesh.khadka@gmail.com ICT & its Application in Public Service Adesh Khadka Ministry of Finance adesh.khadka@gmail.com

Digital revolution has brought many private benefits A typical day in the life of the internet SOURCE: WDR 2016 team; http://www.internetlivestats.com/one-second/ (As compiled on May 29, 2015)

At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, a global consensus was reached that to achieve our sustainable development goals we need institutions at all levels that are effective, transparent, accountable and democratic. E-government holds tremendous potential to improve the way that governments deliver public services and enhance broad stakeholder involvement in public service. WU Hongbo Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs

eGovernance The UNESCO definition (www.unesco.org) is: “E-governance is the public sector’s use of ICT with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effective. involves new styles of leadership, new ways of debating and deciding policy and investment, new ways of accessing education, new ways of listening to citizens and new ways of organizing and delivering information and services. E-governance is generally considered as a wider concept than e- government, Its objective is to engage, enable and empower the citizen.”

WHY E-GOVERNMENT? “Everyone else is doing it, so its probably important and useful” “We think it will reduce costs for individuals and businesses to deal with government” ”We think it will reduce costs for government “ ”We need to reach out to a broader part of population” ”We think it’s a tool for transformation of public administration from bureaucracy to service provider”

TRANSFORMATION IN GOVERNMENT Bureaucratic Citizen Centric Fragmented Integrated Authoritarian Service Oriented, Participatory Closed Transparent Intuition/ Guess Work Informed Decision Making Manual Operation Automated

E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Three essential elements e-Gov Applications: application and services software components IT Platform: Data center, application servers and storage Government Info-communications Infrastructure (GII): Physical network components e-Gov Applications GII IT Platform

E-GOVERNMENT: WHAT IT IS NOT It is not Computerizing the Existing Government Processes. It is not digitizing the files and documents of the Government. E-Government  Technology E-Government = Government ( Change management and Transformation )

Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) COFOG is a classification defined by the United Nations Statistics Division. 01 - General public services 06 - Housing and community amenities 02 – Defense 07 – Health, 03 - Public order and safety 08 - Recreation, culture and religion, 04 - Economic affairs 09 – Education, 05 - Environmental protection 10 - Social protection,

RICH vs Reach

G2C G2B G2G (including G2E) E-GOVERNMENT MODEL e-government category that includes all the interactions between a government and its citizens that can take place electronically. G2C e-government category that includes interactions between governments and businesses G2B Collaboration between government units G2E): e-government category that includes activities and services between government units and their employees. G2G (including G2E)

EVOLUTION OF E-GOVERNMENT Seamless Phase 5 Transactional Interactive Phase 4 Total integration of e-functions and services across administrative /departmental boundaries Enhance Phase 3 Users can actually pay for services or conduct financial transactions online Emerging Phase 2 Form can be downloaded; Applications submitted online Content and Information is updated with greater regularity Phase 1 Gov website Offers limited, basic, static info. UN/ASPA global survey

NEPAL E-GOV. DEVELOPMENT INDEX EGDI 0.2344 Online Service 0.1575 Telecom Infra 0.1684 Human Capital 0.3774 Nepal EGDI Rank 2014 2012 2010 2008 2005 2004 Nepal 165 164 153 150 126 32 E-Participation Index 0.2941  Rank 110 of 193 EPART Rank 2014 2012 2010 2008 2005 2004 Nepal 110 134 127 152 73 75 Source: UN e-Government Survey 2014

GIDC Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) The concept of GIDC was provisioned in the national e-Governance Master Plan (eGMP) Government of Korea through KOICA assisted construction of GIDC The construction of GIDC was completed and handed over to NITC in May 2009 High end computing infrastructure with multi-tier security Works as a base infrastructure to host e-Gov. applications Improve stability and efficiency through concentrated central management within Data Center that provide Internet access and management for e-government GIDC Infra. IT Hardware and System Human Resource

But are countries reaping sizable digital dividends? Growth Jobs Services Business People Government Helps businesses to grow, people to find work and entrepreneurial opportunities, and governments to provide better services. AGENTS Are the benefits reaching everyone, everywhere?

1. A significant digital divide remains 6 BILLION without BROADBAND 4 BILLION without INTERNET 2 BILLION without MOBILE PHONES 0.4 BILLION without A DIGITAL SIGNAL Divides persist between and within countries—in access and capability SOURCE: WDR 2016 team based on Research ICT Africa and ITU data

2. Digital technologies hold benefits as well as risks with complements INNOVATION EFFICIENCY INCLUSION DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES CONCENTRATION INEQUALITY CONTROL without complements What are those complements?

Automation without SKILLS  polarized labor markets and greater inequality SOURCE: World Bank. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2016-MapO_1.

Information without ACCOUNTABILITY  greater state control and elite capture CHANNELS IMPACT OUTCOMES Informing citizens High GOVERNMENT CAPABILITY Automating tasks Medium Citizens feedback Provider management Low Free and fair elections CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT Informed voting Collective action SERVICE DELIVERY INCLUSION EFFICIENCY INNOVATION SOURCE: WDR 2016 Team, Pew Research

Race between technology and complements Complements: Index of quality of institutions, skills and regulations. Technology: Digital adoption index - businesses, people and governments. SOURCE: WDR 2016 team. For more details see figure 5.3 in the full Report.

Analog foundations for a digital economy NATIONAL PRIORITIES Analog foundations for a digital economy Lay the foundations Make sure everyone can take advantage Deal with wicked problems SOURCE: WDR 2016 team.

Connectivity + Complements  Digital Dividends Digital development strategies need to be broader than ICT strategies Regulations that allow firms to connect and compete Skills that leverage technology Institutions that are accountable and capable Digital technologies add two important dimensions They amplify the impact of good (and bad) policies  Failure to reform means falling further behind While not a short-cut to development, they can be an accelerator, by raising the quality of complements The payoff Increasing digital dividends: Faster growth, more jobs and better services www.worldbank.org/wdr2016

IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS OF E-GOVERNMENT Policy Barrier Political will and Leadership Policy Strategies and Action plan Law and regulation Coordination and Collaboration Implementation Barriers of e-Government Technological Barrier Connectivity and Infrastructure Content, Database and application Accessibility and Security Socio- Cultural and Financial Barrier Funding Issue Awareness and Education ICT Capacity and Expertise

CONCLUSIONSION ICT only can’t provide a ‘silver bullet’ to solve our developmental challenges but have tremendous potential as a enabler for development Institutional Arrangement with e-Government Roadmap Investment in IT infrastructure and Expand the Access for the Citizen Role of skilled human resources is critical to ensure the success of any e-gov initiatives Awareness 24

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