GPS: SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal system. Explain A. Philip Randolph’s proposed march on Washington, D.C., and President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response.

Continued… C. Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin. D. Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries. E. Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

A. Philip Randolph

A. Philip Randolph emerged as a respected figure in America as he enabled a mass action civil rights movement. He organized the March on Washington based on the principle of nonviolent mass action. Its first victory was in June 1941, when President Franklin Roosevelt issued an Executive Order banning discrimination in the federal government and the defense industry, after Randolph had threatened to lead a march into the nation's capital. In 1948, Randolph secured another historic Executive Order from President Harry Truman to ban racial segregation in the armed forces. In the 1950s and 1960s, both Randolph and Martin Luther King, Jr. worked to inspire the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Conceived by Randolph, the march was the largest demonstration to date for racial and economic equality. Randolph inspired mass nonviolent action.

March on Washington: 1963

GPS: SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal system. B. Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese- Americans, German-Americans, and Italian-Americans.

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Internment of Japanese Americans

On February 19, 1942, soon after the beginning of World War II, Pres On February 19, 1942, soon after the beginning of World War II, Pres. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. The evacuation order commenced the round-up of 120,000 Americans of Japanese heritage to one of 10 internment camps—officially called "relocation centers"—in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas.

Why Were the Camps Established? Roosevelt's executive order was fueled by anti-Japanese sentiment among farmers who competed against Japanese labor, politicians who sided with anti-Japanese constituencies, and the general public, whose frenzy was heightened by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. More than 2/3 of the Japanese who were interned in the spring of 1942 were citizens of the United States.

Legal Challenges to Internment Important legal cases were brought against the United States concerning the internment. In Korematsu v. United States (1944) the defendants argued their fifth amendment rights were violated by the U.S. government because of their ancestry. In both cases, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the U.S. government.

Government Apologies and Reparations Forced into confinement by the United States, 5,766 Nisei ultimately renounced their American citizenship. In 1968, nearly two dozen years after the camps were closed, the government began reparations to Japanese Americans for property they had lost. In 1988, the U.S. Congress passed legislation which awarded formal payments of $20,000 each to the surviving internees—60,000 in all.

Other Groups in the Camps While Japanese-Americans comprised the overwhelming majority of those in the camps, thousands of Americans of German, Italian, and other European descent were also forced to relocate there. Many more were classified as "enemy aliens" and subject to increased restrictions. As of 2004, the U.S. Government has made no formal apology or reparations to those affected.

GPS: SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal system. C. Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin.

Lend-lease program In July 1940, after Britain had sustained the loss of 11 destroyers to the German Navy over a 10-day period, newly elected British Prime Minister Winston Churchill requested help from President Roosevelt. Roosevelt responded by exchanging 50 destroyers for 99-year leases on British bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. As a result, a major foreign policy debate erupted over whether the United States should aid Great Britain or maintain strict neutrality.

The plan proposed by FDR was to "lend-lease arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States. Sec. of War Henry Stimson said, “We are buying our own security while we prepare. By our delay during the past six years, while Germany was preparing, we find ourselves unprepared and unarmed, facing a thoroughly prepared and armed potential enemy." Following debate, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in 1941, meeting Great Britain’s need for supplies and allowing the United States to prepare for war while remaining officially neutral.

FDR & the Lend-Lease Act: 1941 Arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials.

Battle of Midway: June 4-7, 1942 (Naval Art Collection)

The Battle of Midway, fought over and near the tiny U. S The Battle of Midway, fought over and near the tiny U.S. mid-Pacific base at Midway atoll, represents the strategic high water mark of Japan's Pacific Ocean war. Prior to this action, Japan possessed general naval superiority over the United States and could usually choose where and when to attack. After Midway, the two opposing fleets were essentially equals, and the United States soon took the offensive.

D-Day: June 6, 1944 Invasion of Normandy, France

Fall of Berlin The Battle of Berlin was one of the final battles of the European Theater of WW II. In what was known to the Soviets as the "Berlin Offensive Operation", two massive Soviet army groups attacked Berlin from the east and south, while a third overran German forces positioned north of Berlin. The battle of Berlin lasted from late April 1945 until early May. Before the battle was over, German dictator Adolf Hitler and many of his followers committed suicide. The city's defenders surrendered on May 2, 1945.

Hitler with Child Soldiers: April 20, 1945

Soviet Flag over Reichstag Building

GPS: SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal system. D. Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries.

America’s Homefront: WWII Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries. Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

War “Mobilization” The process by which the armed forces or parts of them are brought to a state of readiness for conflict, to meet a military threat. This includes assembling and organizing personnel, material and supplies for active military services, as well as training

Rationing

War-time conversion The War Production Board (WPB) was established in 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The purpose of the board was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States. It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, and plastics.

Role of women

GPS: SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal system. E. Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

Los Alamos Prominent physicists, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer, knew that the energy released by nuclear fission could be transformed into an extraordinarily powerful bomb. Scientists and political leaders in America grew increasingly anxious as Hitler's armies marched into the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. If German scientists built an atomic bomb, the United States and her allies faced almost certain defeat. America's response was the creation of the Manhattan Project and the Los Alamos Laboratory, Project Y.

On July 16, 1945, a bomb was successfully tested near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The production of this bomb ushered in the atomic age. The development of these weapons represented the culmination of more than three years of intense research and development effort. At Los Alamos, science and technology combined to produce a weapon of incredible power; enough even to end the most destructive war in history.

Implications of Los Alamos: Postwar to H-Bomb The United States detonated the world's first hydrogen, or thermonuclear, device on October 31, 1952. Codenamed "Mike", this device stood three stories high and exploded with a force of 10.4 megatons. The mushroom cloud rose to a height of over 100,000 feet and was clearly visible from a distance of over fifty miles. The Mike shot opened a new era in nuclear weaponry. The destructive power of nuclear weapons increased from thousands of tons of to millions of tons of TNT.

Further Implications: Nuclear Weapons Race Element of the Cold War United States and Soviet Union

Nuclear Weapon Nuclear Power Nuclear Medicine

Let us pray this picture is all we ever see …