The Industrial Revolution: Britain Begins Industrialization Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?

2nd Agr Rev in Britain (1700) Enclosure Movement wealthy landowners buy small farms, combine them & enclose them with fences or hedges Large farms begin to experiment w/ new ways to create larger/more crops Crop rotation grow different crops on same field selective breeding of animals - bigger animals  more food  higher population

handmade textiles [cloth products] Every member of family contributed to process [paid per piece] Bigger pop needs more goods (esp. textiles)  farmers move to cities to find work,  factory system develops British Industrialize begins in GB – have factors of production [land, labor, and capital (wealth/money)] 1) Natural Resources: Large coal & iron deposits [fuel & build machines and factories] 2) Large Pop/Stable Gov’t: steady workforce 3) Transportation: Rivers [internal transfer] & natural harbors [merchants sail outside of GB] 4) Entrepreneurs: people invest $ in new technology [strong banking system in GB] Cottage System

Coal Mining in Britain 1800 - 1914 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners British Pig Iron Production

The Opening of the Bridgewater Canal 1761 CE by Ford Madox Brown

The First Cast Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, 1779

The Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. It is the removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation wit air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

Bessemer Steel Workers

5) Improvements and inventions: manufacturing process quicker & easier = more efficient A) Spinning Jenny: -Could work 8 pieces of thread at a time B) Spinning Mule - Water powered version of Jenny C) Power Loom -Faster than mule D) Flying Shuttle Invented by John Kay Helped pull thread through machines

B) Steam & Coal Locomotive 6. Transportation improvements : steam and coal powered engines [boats and trains] A) Watt’s Steam Engine - James Watt improved and patented an engine run by steam (boats, trains) B) Steam & Coal Locomotive “The Rocket” was twice as fast as any other train C) Liverpool-Manchester railroad -first successful British RR

Impact of the Railroad, Britain

Steam Tractor

Steam Locomotive, Canada

CONSTERNATION AT THE SIGHT OF FULTON'S MONSTER

Steam Ship, South Africa

Macadam Road, California

Life During Industrialization IR causes urbanization (movement to cities) gov’t no plan to deal with rapidly growing cities dark, dirty, crowded homes with little sanitation major problem pollution  factories burned coal

dangerous working conditions in factories: unsafe machinery, lack of training & long hours (14 hours a day, 6 days a week) paid by hour and have low wages child labor Typical day for William Cooper, a 10 year old worker at a British textile factory: 5:00am: The workday begins for William. He an his sister were up by 4:00am to get to the factory by 5am. Breakfast was eaten on the run.

12noon: Children are given a 40-minute break for lunch 12noon: Children are given a 40-minute break for lunch. This is their only break of the day. 3:00pm: Children often became drowsy in the late afternoon. Adult overseers would walk around and whip children who were not awake. 6:00pm: There was no break for an evening meal. Children would have to eat while working.

9:00pm: William Cooper’s day ended after an exhausting 16-hour shift 11:00pm: William’s older sister had to work an extra two hours sewing materials. She still had to return at 5am the next day.

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Child Coal Miners, 1907

“Match” Girls Match girls worked long hours in the factories (usually from 6 AM to 6 PM) with only two short breaks. They were not allowed to talk or even sit down while they worked (otherwise they would be fined or fired). The girls only made 4 shillings a day, but they were also heavily fined if they dropped a match, talked to each other, sat down, arrived late, or went to the bathroom without permission (sometimes they went home with no pay at all). Beatings were not uncommon at the factories as well. http://britishindustrialrevolution.weebly.com/child-labor-match-girls.html

Tenement NYC 1890 by Jacob Riis

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Luddites 1811 - 1816