Bell Ringer Which theory am I? My state grew from the family unit, and has evolved into a hierarchical tribal council. My state was conquered under a powerful leader. My state believes that the Queen was chosen by a deity to rule over her state. My state arose from members of society giving up some of their freedom in exchange for security.

Skit time! Evolutionary Theory Force Theory Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory Don’t forget!: The three A’s—Accurate, appealing, & awesome (unique)!!

Who are you Thomas Hobbes? 1588-1679 (England) School with noblemen and intellectuals Lived in England during civil war 1640s: Parliament turned on King Charles I (executed) Devoted monarchist

Who are you John Locke? 1632-1704 (England) Friends with nobles and scholars in government Worked in government Alive during the Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution William and Mary invited to retake the throne after James II flees

Who are you Baron de Montesquieu? 1689-1755 (France) Noble and prosperous family Highly educated Visited England where observed and liked political system

Who are you Jean-Jacques Rousseau? 1712-1778 (Switzerland) Orphaned Attempted musician Traveled all around and met figures of intellectual movement

Philosopher’s Reading Read the assigned packet Fill out the organizer for all four of the philosophers Note! Not all boxes will be completed for all of the philosophers

Hobbes The Absolute Ruler State of Nature Equality, survival, life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” Law of nature Free & equal—do what they want! Right of Nature Life, preservation of self, equality Social contract Individuals create supreme power to impose peace Lay down natural rights to a sovereign People cannot revolt once power is given Why the U.S. Cares? Equality!

Who are you John Locke? State of Nature Law of nature Right of Nature Brutal, violent, everyone against everyone (agrees with Hobbes) Law of nature Free and equal Unalienable rights Right of Nature Unalienable rights: life, liberty and property Limited ruler’s power Social contract Needed for peace Agreement amongst people AND sovereign Ruler protects natural rights People can revolt and establish new government Why the U.S. Cares? Life, liberty, and property Right to revolt

Who are you Baron de Montesquieu? State of Nature Fearful and people avoided violence and war Need for food causes people to live in a society Once in society, war begins Law of nature Society created for needs of fearful peeps Right of Nature Social contract No social contract State of war led to human laws and government Why U.S. Cares? Three branches of government

Who are you Jean-Jacques Rousseau? State of Nature Free, equal, peaceful and happy Ownership of property creates inequalities and war Law of nature No pain to others and morality is law Right of Nature Rights can never be given up Social contract Not willing agreement, fraud against people committed by rich Rights given up, not to a king but to ALL people People = sovereign (loves him some direct democracy) No separation of powers Why U.S. Cares? People RULE (popular sovereignty)

Founding Father Twinners! Hobbes Locke Rousseau Hamilton Jefferson Montesquieu Rousseau Life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” Equality Lay down rights to a sovereign People are fearful and avoid violence Society created for needs Loves 3 branches Free, equal, peaceful People = sovereign No separation of powers needed Rights to the people Natural rights are unalienable Life, liberty and property Agreement amongst people AND sovereign Hamilton Jefferson Madison Mason

Philosopher Debate Decide whether your philosopher would agree or disagree with each statement. Support by referencing information in the handout! Each group selects a different representative for each statement—he/she is responsible for articulating the philosopher’s views and supporting evidence. Argument/debate is encouraged! If you think another philosopher’s idea is the worst, tell him!

Debate Topics The best form of government is a representative democracy. Only the president should have the power to declare war. A good way to make laws is for all the people to directly vote on them. Religion should be a part of the government. The government should have the authority to confiscate a person’s property for the public good.